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<h1> Get the Scoop on Samples of Commentary in Essay Before You're Too Late </h1> <p>Third, it is an agony in the tookas to find a day and time that everyone is accessible to record. In case you're one of those people, you should figure out what kind of digital broadcast you're probably going to make. They might want to hear somebody talk. Maybe you might simply want to bluster perceptibly on the web. </p> <p>In such a circumstance of trustee Duty emerges in association with the chiefs to manage the business so as to watch and spot of the loan bosses and the investors as a business can't work without anyone else. Other than these obligations the executives have an obligation to create ideal and exact exposures concerning the organizations account and don't disregard the privileges of the investors. Edison Research distributes a yearly report known as the Infinite Dial. The individual that has the obligation of dealing with the business issues of the busi ness is known as a chief. </p> <h2> The Importance of Samples of Commentary in Essay</h2> <p>Essays have numerous reasons, yet the crucial structure is actually the equivalent. At last, in any case, my primary issue with the above explanation is I don't feel that speculation applies to any propelled level, even an as far as anyone knows less-helpful one. In English Language, arrangements or papers really are one of the most fundamental features of the subject. Composing great pieces is essential in the English Language in the inclination that it empowers the understudy to be able to communicate what is in their psyche with respect to a particular issue. </p> <p>Paragraph 4 considers a few clarifications for why stream tidy up plans probably won't be fruitful (the plans could be just battle guarantees or subsidizing probably won't be sufficient). As an outcome, the state expects that water sports increment. In this manner, the proposition to improv e subsidizing for riverside recreational offices probably won't be supported. The announcement additionally accept that in the occasion the state tidies up the waterway, the utilization of the stream for water sports will without a doubt increase.</p> <p>Commentary expositions may focus on only 1 content or capacity as a strategy to look into a few writings. Presently dependent on what you've perused and featured, you can start making an exposition plot. Critique expositions are among a few assortments of articles used recorded as a hard copy. To make it easier for you to create a fundamental investigation article, we have a valuable examination composing format that will direct you through the most basic focuses. </p> <h2> Facts, Fiction and Samples of Commentary in Essay </h2> <p>Understanding of basic segments of prevailing from the very origin will bring about the existence targets and plans development. It liberates me and I don't have any co ncerns. Others use them as a way to fulfill forthcoming accomplices or to pick up connections. Connection training to your forthcoming vocation Elaborate how your instructive foundation will permit you to accomplish your expert targets. </p> <h2> Samples of Commentary in Essay - the Story</h2> <p>In expansion, I like baseball since it's quick and activity stuffed. Before I end this report, I need to attract your concentration to some other crucial issues that you ought to have at the back of your brain at whatever point you're composing your article. The body is basically the center of your article or creation. Bunches of the perfect tech essayist employments really request an ace's in English. </p> <p>It will assist me with sorting out what might need to be changed inside my contention to ensure it is accurately how it must be. Your decision doesn't have to need to be mind boggling or uncommon. Regardless of whether there are any words that you t rust you are making some extreme memories understanding, verify you look at what it implies. At the point when it has to do with composing an analysis, there is positively no fixed arrangement or guide you ought to follow since what you're composing is generally founded on your own sentiment. </p> <p>It essentially lets your peruser to comprehend what your sythesis will be about. The presentation or the early on section is a significant pertinent feature of your paper because of the basic actuality it expresses the essential thought of your structure. It follows that you can be expanded an arbitrary point or subject to create a piece about. When you have gotten done with your arrangement, it's critical you take a moment and read over what you have composed. </p>

What Is An Effective Way Of Organizing Information In An Outline For A Resell?

<h1>What Is An Effective Way Of Organizing Information In An Outline For A Resell?</h1><p>The question 'what is a compelling method of sorting out data in a framework for a rese?' will spring up in any event once in your life time. On the off chance that you've at any point ended up adhered on the most proficient method to accomplish something, at that point chances are that you'll ask yourself something very similar at any rate once.</p><p></p><p>While the facts confirm that you probably won't consider Google or Yahoo! as web indexes, they fill an extremely valuable need. With web crawlers, you can type a question into the hunt box and see what comes up. You can locate the specific data you're searching for just by composing in your query.</p><p></p><p>On the other hand, a web index is additionally exceptionally accommodating for making sense of where to discover applicable data when you're utilizing the Internet. The best model would be Wikipedia. In the event that you don't think a lot about English or research when all is said in done, Wikipedia is an extraordinary method to learn and ace what you have to know. As somebody who telecommutes, Wikipedia is probably the best asset to assist you with monitoring what you're doing.</p><p></p><p>In a similar way, in the event that you use Google, you can discover precisely what you're searching for. In any case, on the off chance that you don't discover what you're searching for, you may need to start from the very beginning once more. This is particularly evident on the off chance that you were searching for something different in Google. Google isn't generally the best hotspot for the specific data you need. Some of the time, a web search tool can be similarly as useful.</p><p></p><p>You can generally tell when somebody has abandoned discovering something and chooses to begin without any preparation. It's intense enough simply attempting to make sense of what you have to do or discover. The possibility of finding someone else who's attempting to discover what you need and wound up totally lost can be annihilating. In case you're burnt out on looking, remember that you can generally compose your data the privilege way.</p><p></p><p>Organizing data is regularly the way to progress. You may have heard that the overlooked details are the main problem and how significant that is to progress. Tragically, you can't generally observe what's truly going on until after you've just achieved it. That is the reason it's so critical to search for approaches to sort out the data that you have to take care of business. You can without much of a stretch achieve this by utilizing a schedule to arrange what you need to do.</p><p></p><p>Do whatever it makes to take move, however set aside the effort to do it right. For instance, in case you're composi ng an article, you would prefer not to invest a ton of energy in detail. The most ideal approach to arrange your composing is to bunch related subjects and afterward start composing from the top. Doing this will permit you to fill in the subtleties later, which will assist you with accomplishing the best outcomes possible.</p><p></p><p>As you can see, there are a lot of approaches to arrange data in a framework for a rese, however on the off chance that you set aside the effort to do it right, you'll have a compelling method of sorting out data in a blueprint for a rese. You ought to keep in mind the intensity of association. Anybody can go to a site and quest for things, yet finding the data you need takes association. With the best possible association, you can take any errand that you need to achieve and complete it rapidly and easily.</p>

Essay Topics For College - Are You Aching To Write An Interesting Essay?

Essay Topics For College - Are You Aching To Write An Interesting Essay?Essay topics for college are a topic that can be too easy or too hard. For students who have trouble coming up with ideas on their own, there are some ways they can ensure that they are writing the best essay possible. Here are a few tips that should help you get the most out of the topic you choose.First of all, you should always start with an idea for essay topics, because a good subject will inspire you. If you want to make your essay one that is not only interesting but also thought-provoking, then choose something that has already been written about before. Writing an essay is not the same as trying to find a good restaurant in Manhattan. You have to put some time and effort into coming up with a topic that is truly unique.The next thing you need to do is find out if you want to write a general topic or if you want to write an essay on something specific. There are many different types of essay topics that a re available, and it is easy to find examples to try. By using these examples, you will be able to see what type of topics other people have used.Once you have decided on a topic, the next step is to write the essay as a whole. While this might seem like a huge task, once you know how to do it, it will become second nature. You will be able to organize the information in such a way that will make it easier to write.Once you have done this, you'll find that it becomes much easier, and you'll also come up with several ideas. The key to getting ideas for essay topics is to try different things. One of the things that you'll notice after a while is that you'll have a lot of different ideas that you haven't used before.It's very important to remember that the first draft of your essay should be as polished as possible. After you have found topics that interest you, it's important to spend some time to polish them before you submit your paper. This is because you will be giving different topics to students, and each one will have a different reason why they want to read your paper.Some topics might change due to course changes or even class assignments. Therefore, it's very important to make sure that you change the topic as little as possible. As soon as you have found a topic, try to write around it, so that you don't lose focus of what you're trying to say.Essay topics for college are important, but so are the ways that you find them. You'll be able to find many ways that will make you write better essays. When you have started, you will be able to work together with your classmates to write papers that will stand out from the rest.

Choosing Good Writing Essay in English Pdf

<h1> Choosing Good Writing Essay in English Pdf </h1> <p>Readers won't state they don't comprehend what you're composing, however will note not to use your business administrations. Perusing will upgrade your composing aptitudes. Understudies have occupied existences and much of the time disregard a coming cutoff time. </p> <h2> How to Choose Writing Essay in English Pdf </h2> <p>Report composing is significant for the advancement of each business as the appraisal of specific issues, money related activities and conditions should be cultivated in a particular report composing configuration to work. The organization may likewise use prescient archives to esteem the current situation and give a few suggestions with respect to the perfect situating later on inside a magnificent report. Get quality sensible help from an on-line paper creating association you can trust in, for example, instantessaytyper.com. Drawing in the help of an editorial man ager is constantly an extraordinary thought to perform one final check before you convey the completed item. </p> <p>Next time, in the event that you need to draft a letter, it might come helpful. Moreover, by contending for the opposite side of your feeling, you will realize which focuses you need to more readily address in your paper. A magnificent theory articulation communicates your take or feeling together with your decision about the subject. Eventually, the questioner might want to get familiar with you, so simply be yourself.</p> <h2>The Battle Over Writing Essay in English Pdf and How to Win It </h2> <p>Grammar Book is a sublime asset for rehearsing suitable syntax and spelling. End is the past part of the article your peruser will understanding. </p> <p>Highlighting English Language abilities is a significant bit of the English resume. Following are different sorts of article points for understudies that are ordered in numerous segments so you can without much of a stretch picked the theme contingent upon your need and requirement.</p> <p>Do the altering when you have arranged your draft record, change the substance twice. Without a doubt the most fundamental data should go first. You will be provided with a rundown of composing offices and will be able to gauge the spending you ought to get the excellent article. For your additional data a total assortment of shortened forms can be found in Raistrick. </p> <p>The absolute first passage presents the subject of the paper. At the point when you create the article, you have to pick a solitary side to focus on. On the off chance that you trust it is trying to create a paper, phenomenal news for you. All of composing, regardless of whether it's a diary section or an official exposition, must be composed and stapled. </p> <p>There are a few significant focuses to consider when composing an English resume. Ordinarily, you require great English aptitudes as an establishment for your last composing dream. Understudies need to form expositions dependent on the educator's directions or their favored style recorded as a hard copy. Since you are learning English, you truly have an advantage. </p> <p>Your sections don't interface each other's importance notwithstanding the entire idea of your article may be immeasurable. As the last passage is speaks to your absolute last chance to turn your case and, being such, should adhere to an amazingly unbending configuration. A subject sentence is the underlying sentence in a section, and it sums up the rest of the passage. A magnificent sentence and substance structure is still very essential to raise intelligibility. </p> <p>For case, you might be composing an article contending that people should drink less espresso. There are a great deal of minor subtleties to learn, and the system takes bunches of time and duty. Much of the time the interpretation technique is done subliminally using the punctuation and different standards of their main language. In the event that you wish to write in another dialect, you should rehearse in innovative ways each and every day. </p>

Why Everybody Is Talking About International Relations Essay Samples...The Simple Truth Revealed

Why Everybody Is Talking About International Relations Essay Samples...The Simple Truth Revealed United Nations subsequently has a very essential impact in the worldwide relations to ensure universal collaboration in the social and monetary spots. America outside relations are believed to be profoundly persuasive. They are free of one another, yet that doesn't imply that they don't depend on one another. Unarmed states are incredibly uncommon and loads of states go into unions with various states to raise their national security. On the other side, some frail nations may pick to get together with one another to abstain from being abrogated by the more grounded nations. Anyway when in the overall field the country states should be the principle specialists that advance and attempt to make the most of the force promptly accessible to them. Overall exchange, in a sizable way impacts the GDP of the nation and furthermore includes an impact on the social and policy centered issues of a country. That is the motivation behind why it is significant you stick out from the opposition. The conciliatory resistance given to negotiators guarantees they're not sued or arraigned in the host nation rather in case of legitimate issues they are once in a while ousted. To arrive at my points intends to be a pro with high capabilities. In many occasions, global relations have consistently mediated in circumstances, and because of this basic certainty a few states don't adhere to the set rules with respect to explicit troubles. A generally excellent individual articulation can assist you with persuading the affirmation board that you're a solid up-and-comer. The Basics of International Relations Essay Samples Some people contend that it's vital for monetary profit, albeit other case it harms Local ventures. They will in general purchase these sorts of merchandise since they imagine that it have an all the more top notch standard therefore, the fall of nearby buying. The current underutilization of aptitudes is probably going to bring about future absence of abilities among representatives. In case you're searching for International Studies individual articulation help you've discovered it. In the event that man-made consciousness programming will be utilized, it would be significantly better. Moreover, it targets ensuring the American organization with the worldwide network. Worldwide relations flopped as a scholarly task because of an inappropriate or lacking administration. They will empower me to keep on finding such chances. Any article that is composed subsequent to enjoying a comprehensive research on the picked subject will most likely assistance the peruser with a profound knowledge into this issue, and consequently would accidentally substantially affect the peruser. Conceptualize a few contemplations and expressions joined to the point you select to create. These connections can't be seen evidently as they're firmly associated with various entertainers. In the event that you can utilize the gave data in a reasonable manner, you will be in a situation to make your effective examination program. Make a point to follow the headings given by your private coach an d address all the inquiries. In this way, to help you better your application, we've recorded some supportive tips. On the off chance that you're searching for help with your exposition, at that point we give a thorough composing administration offered by completely qualified scholastics in your general vicinity of study. The Nuiances of International Relations Essay Samples If you're not acclimated with this paper, you can view an elegantly composed remote relations individual articulation test to see how would you have to structure yours. On the off chance that you don't realize which structure you ought to follow, you can demand proficient outside relations individual explanation help. Not taking as much time as is needed to overhaul your very own announcement is something else you should keep away from at any expense. Take as much time as is needed to make your individual articulation. Else, you could consider universal relations, obviously! As after some time, however states ke ep on being seen as the key entertainers in IR yet non-state on-screen characters have progress and lift impact in IR. In the current occasions, numerous countries share social, financial, military and key relationship that is of superb significance. For instance, nations encountering interior wars may be made to look for outside help. What Is So Fascinating About International Relations Essay Samples? Inside my feeling in the present world religion is causing most the contentions on earth and notwithstanding religion I figure IR with most of nations would be very powerful and a couple of nations that are poor could form into a staggeringly prosperous economy. Few out of every odd country on the planet will consistently get along and there'll remain an equipped clash over something. While in the Army, I had the astonishing honor to present with different ladies and men who, similar to me, battled to acquire a distinction on earth. Regard the peruser, and don't utilize slang on your very own announcement.

Community Service Jobs - Finding Work For Paid Publications

<h1>Community Service Jobs - Finding Work For Paid Publications</h1><p>For numerous years now, there has been a consistent decrease in the quantity of understudies moving on from school, or even the individuals who are as yet going to school, with degrees in training. This is likely because of the downturn and monetary battles. Furthermore, with these challenges numerous understudies are turning towards different projects that permit them to work while they get their instruction paid for.</p><p></p><p>Many understudies work for the school papers themselves. At times they do it as a feature of a network administration program that they are partaking in, however they may likewise decide to work for an online distribution. This is an extraordinary open door for them to bring in cash while they study. A typical issue with working for a paper is that you should be incredibly devoted on the off chance that you need to bring in any cash at all.</ p><p></p><p>However, there are a few understudies who simply need network administration employments so they can really get a degree. These understudies will regularly work for paid distributions for a particular reason and simply need to get a new line of work where they can compose articles, explore for a postulation, and write to acquire some money.</p><p></p><p>But whatever the explanation behind you to require network administration employments, the principal thing you should know is that it is significant that you don't have to venture out a lot to land these positions. The activity will as a rule pay somewhat more than if you had quite recently worked in your neighborhood. The principle explanation behind this is a great deal of the time, when there will be a requirement for network administration work, a network administration work is the most unrealistic spot that individuals will go to.</p><p></p><p>Of co urse, when there is network administration employments accessible, almost certainly, you will be going to one of them. One reason for this is numerous network administration occupations are found right close to the school. It is normally very simple to head out to a network administration work and go to a meeting, and the average bundle is a pay to be dictated by the network administration organization, and relying upon the area of the network administration occupations and the aptitudes required for every specific position, you may likewise be offered lodging, transportation, and different needs, too.</p><p></p><p>However, you can likewise promote for new network administration employments yourself. You should develop your portfolio and to have the option to show potential bosses that you have a brilliant hard working attitude and that you care about the necessities of others. There are numerous networks far and wide that can assist you with achieving this.& lt;/p><p></p><p>Even on the off chance that you need to telecommute you should utilize an occupation board to post your own locale administration employments. You should post any occupations that you feel that you are equipped for and afterward you should state what you should get to land those positions. This will give you the impetus to go after more positions, provided that you go after more positions you will get paid more and will develop your portfolio.</p>

The Ultimate Solution for Persuasive Essay Topics Top 10

<h1> The Ultimate Solution for Persuasive Essay Topics Top 10 </h1> <h2> What You Need to Know About Persuasive Essay Topics Top 10 </h2> <p>Whenever you mean to create an article, it's prompted that you unmistakably sort out the entirety of your thoughts on a piece of paper and require a significant stretch of time to expound on them. Certainly, with this sort of a monstrous number of subjects to pick from, picking only one might be testing. On the contrary side, getting a rundown of good powerful exposition points is insufficient. There are numerous fascinating subjects that could be become an influential paper in the event that you accept the open door to consider about doing it. </p> <p>To help you make an interesting article, here are a couple of better influential points for you than select from. Influential papers are a phenomenal way to urge the peruser to check at a specific point from an alternate perspective. In the event that you couldn't to choose your influential article points yourself, we'd be glad to support you. On the off chance that you picked to choose the incredible subjects for an influential article, you should consider it very well. </p> <p>As soon as you choose the subject and select the situation on which you will base your exposition, the rest of the activity would then be able to start. In case you're feeling that you expect somebody to make my article right now, you can only depend on our fair surveys. There are various article composing administrations that believe they're the absolute best, and in this manner don't be cheated and check the genuine rundown of the very best.</p> <p>You never comprehend what your next task in school will be, and it is now and again an enticing paper just as a few different assortments of articles. There are a few convincing exposition subjects to choose from to complete your secondary school or school task. It will be less difficult that you create an awesome influential exposition if it's a subject where you have information. </p> <p>The next district of the content will be less complex to compose in the event that you've picked among the best influential article points as your chief subject of the content. Find which of the points, you directly have a genuinely decent foundation on which will make it feasible for you to have a relative edge. Try not to get frightened by them, as it just has all the earmarks of being troublesome, while by and by you will discover an extremely easy endeavor, where you just need to consider the point that you are probably going to look over the wide range of influential exposition subjects. </p> <h2> Vital Pieces of Persuasive Essay Topics Top 10 </h2> <p>Weave in your point of view to turn your article remarkable. Enticing papers share a ton of similarity with pugnacious articles. Every enticing expositions resemble factious papers. Composing an extraordinary convincing paper isn't a simple activity, in any case, it's achievable.</p> <h2&g t; The Little-Known Secrets to Persuasive Essay Topics Top 10</h2> <p>For some of them you will need support, while others you may compose completely all alone. All individuals should be permitted to get free high instruction. To help understudies simply like you find easily proven wrong themes, we've accumulated a wide determination of thoughts on different subjects and scholarly levels. Anyway, underneath, you will discover point that are best for the two cases. </p> <p>If you're pondering how to create a convincing paper, you should realize that composing an exposition is a convoluted procedure. Simply conform to the rules expressed above, and you will be well en route to composing a great convincing exposition. Understand that exposition subjects are simply essential thoughts that leave you considering a thought that may be a tremendous arrangement to someone else. Considering that bunches of convincing expositions concern dubious subjects, before composi ng, you can need to plunk down and consider what your supposition on the point really is. </p> <p>Probably you don't generally feel arranged for a serious book or you are simply drained and have zero desire to expound on something convoluted. An exposition brief is a task that gives you with an announcement on which you need to reflect. After you know that you have to search out one of a kind convincing paper themes to have the option to compose the absolute best content conceivable, it's the chance to think about how to consider the structure of such messages. You may confide in us to offer master help for huge numbers of your scholastic composing needs.</p> <p>To pick which subject you're probably going to examine, it's basic to see the total assortment of good convincing discourse themes from the particular region of study. Numerous understudies tend to experience the composing issues because of the lack of fitting comprehension. In such cases, you don't wish to settle on points that require loads of research and readiness. While it tends to be difficult to choose from such various enticing discourse themes, mull over which of the above you have the most information on and can contend your feeling on. </p>

eLearning - Free Essay Example

Chapter 2. Background and Related Work Introduction During the last decade the amount of literature published in the field of eLearning has grown noticeably, as has the diversity in attitudes and viewpoints of people who work on this subject. The general background presented here with regard to eLearning includes the definition, details of different types and the concept of quality. Information quality within information systems (IS), web mining and information extracting techniques are the main areas on which supporting literature is primarily focused. However, an in-depth explanation of each branch of these research fields is outside the scope of this literature review. The literature presented here is particularly focused on the subtopics of these large research areas which are directly applicable to this research. The structure of this chapter is divided into three main parts: a general view of eLearning including definitions of eLearning, an overview of eLearning types and the concept of quality in eLearning; information quality (IQ) within ISs; and information extraction methods. Each section includes a number of subsections which address the factors that are relevant to this research. ELearning In this part of the literature review, we focus on eLearning by providing a discussion about the definitions of eLearning, eLearning types and the concept of quality in eLearning. Moreover, in this section we lay the foundation for the general concept of quality in eLearning upon which the research will be based. This section also presents a discussion about the relationships between technology, users and content in an eLearning context. ELearning Definition The term eLearning is used in the literature and in business to describe many fields, such as online learning, web-based training, distance learning, distributed learning, virtual learning, or technology-based training. During recent decades, eLearning has been defined in several instances in different ways. In any publication in the field of eLearning, it is important to ensure that the authors understanding exactly matches that of the majority of the readers, therefore, the specific definition used should be stated first. Moreover, to reach a clearer understanding of what eLearning is, in this part of the thesis we present numerous definitions of eLearning as mentioned in the literature. In general, most of the definitions of the term eLearning are used to express the exploitation of technologies which can be used to deliver learning (or learning materials) in an electronic format, most likely via the World Wide Web (WWW). Psaromiligkos and Retalis consider eLearning to be the systems which utilise the WWW as a delivery medium for static learning resources, such as instructional files, or as an interface onto interactive The previous definitions look at eLearning in general; in more detail, eLearning can be in the form of courses or in the form of modules and smaller learning materials it also could take various forms. Romiszowski takes these details into account and summarises the definitions encountered in the literature in a way that emphasises that eLearning can be a solitary, individual activity, or a collaborative group activity. It also suggests that both synchronous and asynchronous interactive forms can be engaged. Naidu also takes into consideration the differences in the forms of interaction when trying to formulate a general definition of eLearning: educational processes that utilize information and communications technology to mediate asynchronous as well as synchronous learning and teaching activities. The position adopted in thi s research is that eLearning entails the technology used to distribute the learning materials, the quality of these materials, and the interaction with learners. The definition of eLearning used in this research addresses these dimensions in terms of: the use of new multimedia technologies and the Internet to improve the quality of learning by facilitating access to resources and services as well as remote exchange and collaborations ELearning Types As mention earlier, eLearning takes many different forms and includes numerous types of systems. In the extant literature eLearning types are defined following two main axes: the user context (individuals, groups or a community of users) and users engagement and interactivity. Romiszowski takes these details into account and summarises the definitions encountered in the following table, which emphasises that eLearning can be a solitary, individual activity, or a collaborative group activity. It also suggests that both synchronous and asynchronous interactive forms can be engaged. Looking more deeply at the division of the forms of interactivity used in eLearning systems, there are two main types of eLearning: asynchronous and synchronous, depending on learning and teaching activities. Synchronous eLearning environments require tutors and learners, or the online classmates, to be online at the same time, where live interactions take place between them. In this context, Doherty describes an Asynchronous Learning Network (ALN) as a variety of eLearning systems which distribute learning materials and concepts in one direction at a time. Moreover, Spencer and Hiltz express ALN as a place where learners can interact with learning materials, tutors and other learners, through the WWW at different times and from different places. The focus of this research will be on a case where students log-in to and use the system independently of other students and staff members, as well as using asynchronous methods regarding learning content, quality management and delivery which fit firmly into the general definition of the asynchronous eLearning environment. Quality Concept in ELearning The definition of eLearning adopted in this thesis represents three fundamental dimensions: technology, access and quality. The focus in this research will be on quality, which is considered a crucial issue for education in general, and for eLearning in particular. This section of the literature review will discuss concepts of quality in eLearning generally, and highlight the importance of content as the most critical factor for the overall quality. Currently, there are two recognised challenges in eLearning: the demand for overall interoperability and the request for (high) quality. However, quality cannot be expressed and set by a simple definition, since in itself quality is a very abstract notion. In fact, it is much easier to notice the absence of quality than its presence. Despite efforts to reach a comprehensive, universal definition of quality in eLearning, there is still a fundamental ambiguity surrounding the issue. One position is to consider quality as an evaluati on of excellence, a stance which is primarily adopted by universities and education institutions. For example, in universities quality teaching and learning are promoted as the top priority, giving less attention to criteria or measurements regarding teaching input into courses, the learning outcomes, and the interactivity with the system. Another trend is to consider the improvement in quality, where quality is improved by moving beyond the set conceptions applied, and generally moving in the direction of a flexible process of negotiation, which needs a very high level of quality capability from those involved. Furthermore, quality can be viewed and considered from different aspects. Here, the SunTrust Equitable report illustrates what they perceive to be the value chain in eLearning in the form of a pyramid. The content is the most critical factor of eLearning. Indeed, to be able to use the internet as a tool to improve learning, the content should not distract learners, but increase their interest for learning. Learning tools and enablers are also important in the learning procedure. In reality, providers of learning platforms and knowledge management systems are key in the successful delivery of content. These companies provide the necessary infrastructure to deliver learning content. Moreover, learning service providers (LSP) are the distribution channels for content providers. One of the challenges facing these knowledge hubs and LSPs is to ensure that the learners are receiving fresh content. Companies focused on educational e-tailing then complete the value pyramid of eLearning. Looking at the pyramid it can be clearly observed that content is the most critical component of learning through the internet. In a similar manner, Henry stated that eLearning is composed of three main aspects: content, technology and services, he also emphasised that content is the most significant factor. Although this thesis will focus on the quality of content delivered by eLearning as the most important criteria and the most influential in the overall level of learning quality, the specified context and the perspectives of users also need to be taken into account when defining quality in eLearning. It is also essential to classify suitable criteria to address this quality. ELearning Technology, Users and Content Although most eLearning explanations focus on the technology and not on the learning, it is important to keep the people eLearning is designed for in mind. Moreover, individual learning styles and required learning materials should be addressed first. Then a suitable electronic delivery method can be adopted. On their website (agelesslearner.com), Karl and Marcia Conner commented, in this regard, that Maybe the e should actually follow the word learning'. Henry describes the content in a way that includes all delivered materials, including the materials which are usually offered in classroom-based learning and that are tailored for eLearning, in addition to any other knowledge the developer might offer. In fact, eLearning systems are considered to be user-adaptive systems, where systems are designed to react with user performance and choices. Webber, Pesty and Balacheff express user modelling as a central issue in the development of user-adaptive systems, whose behaviour is u sually based on the users preferences, goals, interests and knowledge. Moreover, they declare that a system can be considered user-adaptive when changes in its functionality, structure or interface can be monitored, in order to consider the different needs of users and, ultimately, their changing needs. In the area of eLearning Heift and Nicholson believe that eLearning systems as adaptive systems are designed to meet the diverse requirements of students who have different levels of knowledge and backgrounds [19]. There is a significant base of literature and research in the area of adaptive systems, which usually base their behaviour on user models. In more detail, Kobsa explained that the user model often depends on one user or a group of users sharing the same profile and it characterises users preferences, goals, interests and knowledge. Webber, Pesty and Balacheff notice that with regard to this point there are two main problems relating to user modelling: to identify the re levant information to be modelled and to decide which method is more suitable to apply in order to determine the relevant information about the user. In fact, personalisation plays an important role in all areas of the e-era, especially in eLearning, as stated by Esposito, Licchelli and Semeraro, where the main issue is student modelling. This is the analysis of student behaviour and the prediction of future activities and learning performance . Furthermore, Ong and Ramachandran perceive that the literature on adaptive systems shows that by modelling the learner, the human tutor and the knowledge domain of instructional content, powerful pedagogical outcomes can be obtained. Although eLearning systems are considered types of adaptive systems, the difference between the concept of the user and the concept of the student creates a fundamental problem in the eLearning area. In this context, Esposito, Licchelli and Semeraro believe that in a general web system the user is free to sur f and the system attempts to predict future user steps using the user model in order to improve the interaction between the user and the system, while in the eLearning system the modelling has to improve the educational route, adapting it to the model of the student. As a result it is essential to control and to assess student browsing. The systems should not give the students absolute freedom to decide their way through the content and learning materials, rather, the system should provide a specific educational path and offer a continuous evaluation activity of student performance, towards a defined pedagogical goal. Although delivering web-based educational materials can be very useful as the same content is distributed to a number of students and can be accessed regardless of time and place, this delivery would not be beneficial from a pedagogical point of view if the students, their level of knowledge and their learning style was not known. In fact, Sanatally and Senteni obse rve that the widely held principle of using the web simply as a form of distributed medium for learning materials does not add significant value to the learning process. This argument leads to the conviction of the importance of developing adaptive eLearning systems. Even if adaptive systems are focused on the interaction with users and changing the course and the content dynamically with their needs, and not on controlling the set sequence of a course, eLearning can exploit adaptive technologies to build learning environments that form user-specific sequencing. Tang and McCalla use the example of the Paper Recommender System as a good example of this exploitation: the system was designed to give recommendations to students about what conference or journal papers to read, based on their level of understanding and knowledge. We can see more clearly, as suggested by Conati and VanLehn, that the aim of adaptive systems is to build precise, interactively changing models of individual student learning, in order to use them as representations of how learners are progressing within the content of the course. Moreover, Papanikolaou et al. describe adaptivity as being system-controlled and in most cases assists in: planning the content, planning the delivery and presentation of the learning materials, supporting student navigation throughout the field of knowledge and problem solving. From this, it can be deduced that learner models generally characterise learner knowledge levels on the concepts of domain knowledge, pedagogical goals and learning preferences towards diverse styles of learning materials. In this context, they suggest that the domain model should be used in parallel with the learner model to provide a structure for the representation of learner knowledge of the defined domain. Using this procedure, tailored learning materials can be distributed to specific learners to be consistent with their requirements. This corresponds with the vision of Mittal et al., who realised that by creating several broad groups into which it is possible to segment target learners, it can be ensured that the content of learning materials for an absolute beginner student is not the same for that of a student getting ready for an exam. Nowadays, most student modelling systems follow the same method, in which the systems starting point is to create a reference template for a student, thus, the expertise or intelligence encoded into the system can adapt the course organisation and content to the individual student. The use of this method to decide the style and level of content that a student should be offered, according to how students interact with the system, will lead to a more personalised learning experience. In the case of this research, the student and domain model did not entail the complexity of those built in adaptive systems; however, several of the underlying principles of available student and domain modelling techniques proved to be usef ul. The key issue in most adaptive systems that feature student and domain modelling is a sequence of complex data repositories that give highly precise values about student performance and completion against learning materials. The focus in this research will be on measuring the quality of the content of learning materials distributed via eLearning systems, and establishing how the student will interact with the materials, how they will be able to extract the relevant information from the content and how the context of the online materials will help students to recognise the underlying structure of the content and easily access the parts in which they are interested. This research will gather empirical evidence using online questionnaires, which can be used to directly ask students about their preferences and perspectives. Summary This part of the literature review provided a general overview of eLearning, including definitions of eLearning, a note of eLearning types and consideration of the concept of quality in eLearning. It also identified the definition adopted for eLearning in this study and considered the type upon which this research will focus. Moreover, in this section we laid the foundation for the general concept of quality in eLearning upon which the research will be based. Finally, it presented a brief discussion about the relationships between technology, users and content in an eLearning context. The next part of this chapter will discuss the concept of IQ within ISs; this will be used later on to set standards for IQ in the context of eLearning systems. Information Quality in Information Systems In this part of the literature review we will start with a brief discussion of the terms data quality and information quality, and will shed some light on the concept of IQ within ISs and how it could be defined. We will also provide a comprehensive review of the major historical developments of IQ frameworks. Data Quality(DQ) vs. Information Quality During recent years, much work has been done to build quality frameworks for IQ dimensions. In the past, research focused on DQ, but due to the recent development of internet technologies, ISs today are providing users with information, not only data. Therefore, research attention has shifted to focus on IQ frameworks. While, some researchers explicitly distinguish between the terms data and information and explain information as data which has been processed in some way, sometimes, it may be difficult to discriminate between them in practice . Still, in some studies the term information is interchangeable with data. Likewise, the term data quality is often used synonymously with information quality. Consequently, in this study, the concept of information will be used in a broad sense, which covers the concept of data. Before reviewing the researches that were conducted to formulate (data/information) quality frameworks within ISs, first we will discuss the meaning of IQ a nd how it could be defined. How Information Quality Could be Defined Although it is important to set standards for IQ, it is a difficult and complex issue, particularly in the area of ISs, because there is no formal definition of IQ, as quality is dependent on the criteria applied to it. Furthermore, it is dependent on the targets, the environment and from which viewpoint we look at the IQ, that is, from the provider or the consumer perspective. Moreover, IQ is both a task-dependent and a subjective concept. Juran summarises these aspects of quality in his quality definition as fitness for use. Similarly, Wang described DQ (which could apply to IQ) as data that is fit-for-use. This description has been adopted by researchers because it brings to light the fact that IQ cannot be defined and evaluated without knowing its context. Defining IQ in a contextual approach seems to be logical because quality criteria, which could be used to assess IQ, can differ according to the context. In fact, IQ is expressed in the literature to be a multi-dimensional concept with varying attributed characteristics depending on the context of the information. However, taking into account the complexity of the IQ concept and that its measurement is expected to be multi-dimensional in nature, the prime issue in defining the quality of any IS is identifying the criteria by which the quality is determined. The criteria result from the multi-dimensional and interdependent nature of quality in ISs, and are dependent on the objectives and the context of the system. Thus, it is common to define IQ on the internet by identifying the main dimensions of the quality, for that purpose IQ frameworks are widely used to identify the important quality dimensions in a specific context, these dimensions can be used as benchmark to improve the effectiveness of information systems, as described by Porter. Information Quality Frameworks Today, for any IS to be judged successfully it has first to satisfy additional predefined quality criteria. An eLearning system is a special type of IS so it is important to examine the literature relating to the traditional IS success models and the proposed quality frameworks, in order to test the possibility of extending these success models to identify eLearning content quality criteria in an eLearning context. Much of the work done in IS success has its origins in the well-known DeLone and McLean (DM) IS Success Model.This model provided a comprehensive taxonomy on IS success based on the analysis of more than 180 studies on IS success and it identified over 100 IS success measures during the analysis. It established that system quality, IQ, use, user satisfaction, individual and organisational impact were the most distinct elements of the IS success equation. In a later work, the authors confirmed the original taxonomy and their conclusion, namely that IS success was a mul tidimensional and interdependent construct. Their model makes two important contributions to the understanding of IS success. First, it provides a scheme for categorising the multitude of IS success measures that have been used in the literature. Second, it suggests a model of temporal and causal interdependencies between the categories. The updated model, which was proposed in 2003, consists of six dimensions: Information quality, which concerns the system content issue. Web content should be personalised, complete, relevant, easy to understand and secure. System quality, which measures the desired characteristics of a web based system such as usability, availability, reliability and adaptability. Service quality Usage, which measures visits to a website, navigation within the site and information retrieval. User satisfaction, which measures users opinions of the system and should cover the entire user experience cycle. Net benefits, which capture the balance of positive and negative impacts of the system on the users. Although this success measure is very important, it cannot be analysed and understood without system quality and IQ measurements. In their model, DeLone and McLean defined three main dimensions for the quality: IQ, systems quality and service quality. Each one has to be measured separately, because singularly or jointly, they will affect subsequent system usage and user satisfaction. In 1996, Wang and Strong proposed their DQ framework, which will be discussed in more detail in the following section. In their framework they categorised characteristics/attributes in to four main types/factors: intrinsic, accessibility, contextual and representational. This method of categorising IQ factors and attributes proved to be a valuable methodology for defining IQ. Lately, several quality management projects in business and government have successfully used this framework. After Wang Strong DQ framework, diverse research efforts were spent in order to identify IQ dimensions in deference contexts. Although these frameworks varied in their approach and application, they shared some of the same characteristics conc erning their classifications of the dimensions of quality. In 1996, Gertz focused on finding possible solutions for the problems regarding modeling and managing data quality and integrity of integrated data. H proposed a taxonomy of data quality characteristics that includes important attributes such as timeliness and completeness of local information sources. While Redmans work aimed to set up practical guidelines to analyze and improve information quality within business processes, h proposed a number of quality attributes grouped into six categories: Privacy, Content, Quality of Values, Presentation, Improvement and Commitment. In the same year, Zeist Hendricks identified 32 IQ sub-characteristics grouped in 6 main IQ characteristics which covered functionality, reliability, efficiency, usability, maintainability and portability. Unlike general purpose IQ framework, in 1997 Jarke proposed a special purpose framework where he used the same hierarchical design established by Wang Strong. He defined IQ criteria depending on the context and requirements for specific application; Data Warehouse Quality (DWQ). In his framework, Jarke linked each operational quality goals for data warehouses to the criteria which describe this goal. The main defined criteria are accessibility, interpretability, usefulness, believability, and validation. In 1998, Chen gave a list of IQ criteria with no special taxonomy. He, however, proposed a goal-oriented framework focusing mainly on time-oriented criteria such as response time and network delay. One year later, Alexander Tate proposed their framework for IQ IN Web environment. This framework consisted of 6 main criteria; authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, orientation and navigation. In the same year, Katerattanakul Siau adapted Wang Strong DQ framework to propose their four categories IQ framework of individual websites. Furthermore, Shanks Corbitt recommended a semiotic-based quality framework for inform ation on the Web. This framework includes four semiotic levels. Syntactic level to insure that information is consistent whiles the Semantic level focuses on the information completion and accuracy. Pragmatic level is the third level which covers the usability and the usefulness of the information. The forth level is the social level ensures information understandability. Within their framework there are 11 quality dimension distributed within the identified levels. Dedeke in 2000 developed a conceptual IS quality framework that includes 5 categories; ergonomic, accessible, transactional, contextual and representational quality. Each category consists of number of quality dimensions such as; availability, relevancy and conciseness. Whilst Zhu Gauch described 6 quality metrics for information retrieval on the web; these are availability, authority, currency, information-to-noise ratio and cohesiveness. Leung adapted Zeist Hendrickss quality framework in 2001 and applied it to Intranet applications. He defined 6 main IQ characteristics; functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability and portability. Each quality characteristic in the proposed framework includes numbers of sub-characteristics. Several research in IS quality were undertaken in 2002, Eppler Muenzenmayer suggested two main manifestations for their proposed framework; content quality and media quality. The content quality is focused on the quality of the presented information and it consists of two categories; relevant information and sound information. Whereas media quality is focused on the quality of the medium used to deliver the information and it includes optimized process category and reliable infrastructure category. Each category in the framework contains number of quality dimensions. Khan categorised IQ depending on the context of the system. The framework divided IQ into two main quality types; product and service quality. Moreover, it divided these two type s into 4 quality classifications and each classification into number of quality dimensions. The quality classifications are sound information, useful information, dependable information and usable information. In addition, Klein conducted a research in the same year to identify five IQ dimensions chosen Wang Strongs DQ framework to measure IQ in Web context; accuracy, completeness, relevance, timeliness and amount of data. Mecella also proposed an initial framework for quality management in Cooperative Information System (CIS). This framework includes a model for quality data exported by cooperating organizations and the design of an infrastructure service and improving quality. More recent, in 2005 Liu Huang mentioned 6 key dimensions for IQ; source (focused on information availability), content (focused on information completeness), format and presentation (focused on information consistency), currency (focused on information currency and timeliness), accuracy (focused on information accuracy and reliability) and speed (focused on how easily information is downloadable). Besiki et all introduced in 2007 a general framework for IQ assessment. This framework consists of a comprehensive taxonomy of IQ dimensions, and provides a straightforward and powerful predictive method to study IQ problems and reason through them in a systematic and meaningful way. Lately, Kimberly et all presented in 2009 a model for how to think about IQ depending on the application context; they identified number of common IQ metrics. Kargar Azimzadeh also presented an original experimental framework for ranking IQ on the Web log. The results of their research revealed 7 IQ dimensions for IQ in Web log. For each quality dimension, quality variables associated coefficients were calculated and used so that the proposed framework is able to automatically assess IQ of Web logs. In the same year Thi Helfert conducted a research aimed to propose a quality framework based on IS architecture. In their research they identified quality factors for different construct levels of IS architecture. Moreover, they also presented impacts amongst different quality factors which help to analyze the cause of IS defects. In this part we gave a brief review of the researches conducted to formulate (data/information) quality frameworks within ISs. However in the next section we will focus on Wang and Strongs DQ framework as we will use it as a base for this research to measure IQ in eLearning systems along the dimensions of the framework. Wang and Strongs Data Quality Framework Wang Strongs DQ framework, one of the most comprehensive, popular, remarkable and cited DQ frameworks, was established by Richard Wang and Diana Strong in 1996. Their framework was designed empirically by asking users to give their viewpoints about the relevance of the IQ dimensions to capture the most important aspects of DQ to the data consumer. In their framework, Wang and Strong classified quality dimensions into four groups: Intrinsic DQ: refers to the quality dimensions originating from the data on its own. This aspect of quality is independent of the users perspective and context. Contextual DQ: focuses on the aspect of IQ within the context of the task at hand. In this group, the quality dimensions are subjective preferences of the user. Contrary to the first group, DQ dimensions cannot be assessed without considering the users viewpoint about their use of provided information. Representational DQ: is related to the representation of information within the systems. Accessibility DQ: refers to the quality aspects concerned with accessing distributed information. The defining feature of this particular study is that quality attributes of data were collected from the data consumer instead of being defined theoretically or being based on the researchers own experiences. Their research can provide a basis for measuring DQ/IQ along the dimensions of this framework. Summary In this part of the literature review we shed some light on the use of the terms data quality and information quality, we also discussed the concept of IQ within ISs and considered how it could be defined. We also gave a historical review of the researches conducted to formulate (data/information) quality frameworks within ISs, focusing on Wang and Strongs DQ framework which will provide a good basis for this research to measure IQ in eLearningsystems along the dimensions of this framework. However, this research will also investigate the possibility of integrating a web-mining approach, a data gathering technique, in order to automate the evaluation process. It seems logical, therefore, that the available methods for web-mining and information extraction are now reviewed. These will be discussed in the next section. Information extraction and Web-Mining This study focuses not only on the evaluation of IQ in the context of eLearning systems, but also it will investigate the possibility of integrating a web-mining approach, a data extraction technique, in order to automate the evaluation process. This part of the literature review will provide a brief overview of the information represented on the web. It will also focus on web-mining definitions and categories, and the idea of information extraction. Information on the Web Today, the web is becoming more popular and interactive information publishing mediums and the levels of web information are growing rapidly. Moreover, the web holds a huge amount of distributed information for news, education, government, e-commerce and various other information services. Also, the web contains a rich and dynamic collection of hyperlink information and webpage access and usage information, all of which raise an information overload issue. In fact, today web users can access vast amounts of information, however, it becomes ever more difficult to weed out the irrelevant and discover the relevant information which has drawn attention to a fundamental issue: information overload. The nature of web information is unstructured, thus it can only be understood by humans, but the massive amount of available information means that it can only be processed efficiently by machines. A lack of metadata, data about data, represents another challenge when dealing with the publ ished information. To be able to cope with these challenges researchers started to apply techniques from data-mining and machine learning to web data and documents. Web-mining applications help users in finding, sorting and filtering the available information, while the Semantic Web aims to make the data machine understandable as well. Web-Mining Extracting useful or valuable information from the web is usually referred to as web-mining. It refers to the application of data-mining methods for the discovery of useful information on the web. In the literature, several definitions exist relating to web-mining. It could be generally defined as the automated discovery and analysis of useful information published in web documents and services using data-mining methods. It is a large and new area converging from several research districts, such as database, information extraction and artificial intelligence. Web-mining techniques could be used to solve the information overload problem. Web-Mining Categories There are three categories for web-mining according to the different sources of the target data: Web-content mining: which addresses the discovery of knowledge from the content of web pages, thus, it includes the target data contained in a web page as text, images, multimedia, etc. Web-usage mining: which addresses the discovery of knowledge from user navigation data while surfing the web, thus, this includes the target data contained in users log files. Web-structure mining: which addresses the discovery of knowledge from hyperlinks on the web. This broadly used categorisation of web-mining started in 1997 when Cooley, Srivastava and Mobasher introduced web-content mining and web-usage mining, while web-structure mining was added in 2000 by Kosala and Blockeel. The focus in this research will be on web-content mining as a technique to automate the extraction process of the information needed in the quality measurement. Web-Mining and Information Extraction (IE) Natural language (NL) texts are used mostly as digital information storage mediums. The main goal of information extraction (IE) is to find the required information in NL texts and store this information in a way that is suitable for automatic querying and processing. IE involves defining output representations or templates and searching only for information that fits the defined representations. Summary Within this section of the literature review a brief idea of information representation on the web was provided. It also shed some light on the web-mining definition and considered the categories of web-mining, finally, the idea of information extraction was noted. Conclusion The literature review provided a general background to the subject of eLearning, including the definitions, types and the concepts of quality, IQ within ISs, and web-mining as an information extracting technique. The literature offered here mainly focused on the sub-topics of the larger research areas which will be directly applicable to this research. References Paulsen, M.F., (2002) Online education systems: Discussion and definition of terms. NKI Distance Education, Romiszowski, A., (2004) Hows the e-learning baby? Factors leading to success or failure of an educational technology innovation. Educational Technology. 44(1): p. 5-27 Gerhard, J. and Mayr, P.(2002) Competing in the e-learning environmentstrategies for universities. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS02). 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