eLearning - Free Essay Example

Chapter 2. Background and Related Work Introduction During the last decade the amount of literature published in the field of eLearning has grown noticeably, as has the diversity in attitudes and viewpoints of people who work on this subject. The general background presented here with regard to eLearning includes the definition, details of different types and the concept of quality. Information quality within information systems (IS), web mining and information extracting techniques are the main areas on which supporting literature is primarily focused. However, an in-depth explanation of each branch of these research fields is outside the scope of this literature review. The literature presented here is particularly focused on the subtopics of these large research areas which are directly applicable to this research. The structure of this chapter is divided into three main parts: a general view of eLearning including definitions of eLearning, an overview of eLearning types and the concept of quality in eLearning; information quality (IQ) within ISs; and information extraction methods. Each section includes a number of subsections which address the factors that are relevant to this research. ELearning In this part of the literature review, we focus on eLearning by providing a discussion about the definitions of eLearning, eLearning types and the concept of quality in eLearning. Moreover, in this section we lay the foundation for the general concept of quality in eLearning upon which the research will be based. This section also presents a discussion about the relationships between technology, users and content in an eLearning context. ELearning Definition The term eLearning is used in the literature and in business to describe many fields, such as online learning, web-based training, distance learning, distributed learning, virtual learning, or technology-based training. During recent decades, eLearning has been defined in several instances in different ways. In any publication in the field of eLearning, it is important to ensure that the authors understanding exactly matches that of the majority of the readers, therefore, the specific definition used should be stated first. Moreover, to reach a clearer understanding of what eLearning is, in this part of the thesis we present numerous definitions of eLearning as mentioned in the literature. In general, most of the definitions of the term eLearning are used to express the exploitation of technologies which can be used to deliver learning (or learning materials) in an electronic format, most likely via the World Wide Web (WWW). Psaromiligkos and Retalis consider eLearning to be the systems which utilise the WWW as a delivery medium for static learning resources, such as instructional files, or as an interface onto interactive The previous definitions look at eLearning in general; in more detail, eLearning can be in the form of courses or in the form of modules and smaller learning materials it also could take various forms. Romiszowski takes these details into account and summarises the definitions encountered in the literature in a way that emphasises that eLearning can be a solitary, individual activity, or a collaborative group activity. It also suggests that both synchronous and asynchronous interactive forms can be engaged. Naidu also takes into consideration the differences in the forms of interaction when trying to formulate a general definition of eLearning: educational processes that utilize information and communications technology to mediate asynchronous as well as synchronous learning and teaching activities. The position adopted in thi s research is that eLearning entails the technology used to distribute the learning materials, the quality of these materials, and the interaction with learners. The definition of eLearning used in this research addresses these dimensions in terms of: the use of new multimedia technologies and the Internet to improve the quality of learning by facilitating access to resources and services as well as remote exchange and collaborations ELearning Types As mention earlier, eLearning takes many different forms and includes numerous types of systems. In the extant literature eLearning types are defined following two main axes: the user context (individuals, groups or a community of users) and users engagement and interactivity. Romiszowski takes these details into account and summarises the definitions encountered in the following table, which emphasises that eLearning can be a solitary, individual activity, or a collaborative group activity. It also suggests that both synchronous and asynchronous interactive forms can be engaged. Looking more deeply at the division of the forms of interactivity used in eLearning systems, there are two main types of eLearning: asynchronous and synchronous, depending on learning and teaching activities. Synchronous eLearning environments require tutors and learners, or the online classmates, to be online at the same time, where live interactions take place between them. In this context, Doherty describes an Asynchronous Learning Network (ALN) as a variety of eLearning systems which distribute learning materials and concepts in one direction at a time. Moreover, Spencer and Hiltz express ALN as a place where learners can interact with learning materials, tutors and other learners, through the WWW at different times and from different places. The focus of this research will be on a case where students log-in to and use the system independently of other students and staff members, as well as using asynchronous methods regarding learning content, quality management and delivery which fit firmly into the general definition of the asynchronous eLearning environment. Quality Concept in ELearning The definition of eLearning adopted in this thesis represents three fundamental dimensions: technology, access and quality. The focus in this research will be on quality, which is considered a crucial issue for education in general, and for eLearning in particular. This section of the literature review will discuss concepts of quality in eLearning generally, and highlight the importance of content as the most critical factor for the overall quality. Currently, there are two recognised challenges in eLearning: the demand for overall interoperability and the request for (high) quality. However, quality cannot be expressed and set by a simple definition, since in itself quality is a very abstract notion. In fact, it is much easier to notice the absence of quality than its presence. Despite efforts to reach a comprehensive, universal definition of quality in eLearning, there is still a fundamental ambiguity surrounding the issue. One position is to consider quality as an evaluati on of excellence, a stance which is primarily adopted by universities and education institutions. For example, in universities quality teaching and learning are promoted as the top priority, giving less attention to criteria or measurements regarding teaching input into courses, the learning outcomes, and the interactivity with the system. Another trend is to consider the improvement in quality, where quality is improved by moving beyond the set conceptions applied, and generally moving in the direction of a flexible process of negotiation, which needs a very high level of quality capability from those involved. Furthermore, quality can be viewed and considered from different aspects. Here, the SunTrust Equitable report illustrates what they perceive to be the value chain in eLearning in the form of a pyramid. The content is the most critical factor of eLearning. Indeed, to be able to use the internet as a tool to improve learning, the content should not distract learners, but increase their interest for learning. Learning tools and enablers are also important in the learning procedure. In reality, providers of learning platforms and knowledge management systems are key in the successful delivery of content. These companies provide the necessary infrastructure to deliver learning content. Moreover, learning service providers (LSP) are the distribution channels for content providers. One of the challenges facing these knowledge hubs and LSPs is to ensure that the learners are receiving fresh content. Companies focused on educational e-tailing then complete the value pyramid of eLearning. Looking at the pyramid it can be clearly observed that content is the most critical component of learning through the internet. In a similar manner, Henry stated that eLearning is composed of three main aspects: content, technology and services, he also emphasised that content is the most significant factor. Although this thesis will focus on the quality of content delivered by eLearning as the most important criteria and the most influential in the overall level of learning quality, the specified context and the perspectives of users also need to be taken into account when defining quality in eLearning. It is also essential to classify suitable criteria to address this quality. ELearning Technology, Users and Content Although most eLearning explanations focus on the technology and not on the learning, it is important to keep the people eLearning is designed for in mind. Moreover, individual learning styles and required learning materials should be addressed first. Then a suitable electronic delivery method can be adopted. On their website (agelesslearner.com), Karl and Marcia Conner commented, in this regard, that Maybe the e should actually follow the word learning'. Henry describes the content in a way that includes all delivered materials, including the materials which are usually offered in classroom-based learning and that are tailored for eLearning, in addition to any other knowledge the developer might offer. In fact, eLearning systems are considered to be user-adaptive systems, where systems are designed to react with user performance and choices. Webber, Pesty and Balacheff express user modelling as a central issue in the development of user-adaptive systems, whose behaviour is u sually based on the users preferences, goals, interests and knowledge. Moreover, they declare that a system can be considered user-adaptive when changes in its functionality, structure or interface can be monitored, in order to consider the different needs of users and, ultimately, their changing needs. In the area of eLearning Heift and Nicholson believe that eLearning systems as adaptive systems are designed to meet the diverse requirements of students who have different levels of knowledge and backgrounds [19]. There is a significant base of literature and research in the area of adaptive systems, which usually base their behaviour on user models. In more detail, Kobsa explained that the user model often depends on one user or a group of users sharing the same profile and it characterises users preferences, goals, interests and knowledge. Webber, Pesty and Balacheff notice that with regard to this point there are two main problems relating to user modelling: to identify the re levant information to be modelled and to decide which method is more suitable to apply in order to determine the relevant information about the user. In fact, personalisation plays an important role in all areas of the e-era, especially in eLearning, as stated by Esposito, Licchelli and Semeraro, where the main issue is student modelling. This is the analysis of student behaviour and the prediction of future activities and learning performance . Furthermore, Ong and Ramachandran perceive that the literature on adaptive systems shows that by modelling the learner, the human tutor and the knowledge domain of instructional content, powerful pedagogical outcomes can be obtained. Although eLearning systems are considered types of adaptive systems, the difference between the concept of the user and the concept of the student creates a fundamental problem in the eLearning area. In this context, Esposito, Licchelli and Semeraro believe that in a general web system the user is free to sur f and the system attempts to predict future user steps using the user model in order to improve the interaction between the user and the system, while in the eLearning system the modelling has to improve the educational route, adapting it to the model of the student. As a result it is essential to control and to assess student browsing. The systems should not give the students absolute freedom to decide their way through the content and learning materials, rather, the system should provide a specific educational path and offer a continuous evaluation activity of student performance, towards a defined pedagogical goal. Although delivering web-based educational materials can be very useful as the same content is distributed to a number of students and can be accessed regardless of time and place, this delivery would not be beneficial from a pedagogical point of view if the students, their level of knowledge and their learning style was not known. In fact, Sanatally and Senteni obse rve that the widely held principle of using the web simply as a form of distributed medium for learning materials does not add significant value to the learning process. This argument leads to the conviction of the importance of developing adaptive eLearning systems. Even if adaptive systems are focused on the interaction with users and changing the course and the content dynamically with their needs, and not on controlling the set sequence of a course, eLearning can exploit adaptive technologies to build learning environments that form user-specific sequencing. Tang and McCalla use the example of the Paper Recommender System as a good example of this exploitation: the system was designed to give recommendations to students about what conference or journal papers to read, based on their level of understanding and knowledge. We can see more clearly, as suggested by Conati and VanLehn, that the aim of adaptive systems is to build precise, interactively changing models of individual student learning, in order to use them as representations of how learners are progressing within the content of the course. Moreover, Papanikolaou et al. describe adaptivity as being system-controlled and in most cases assists in: planning the content, planning the delivery and presentation of the learning materials, supporting student navigation throughout the field of knowledge and problem solving. From this, it can be deduced that learner models generally characterise learner knowledge levels on the concepts of domain knowledge, pedagogical goals and learning preferences towards diverse styles of learning materials. In this context, they suggest that the domain model should be used in parallel with the learner model to provide a structure for the representation of learner knowledge of the defined domain. Using this procedure, tailored learning materials can be distributed to specific learners to be consistent with their requirements. This corresponds with the vision of Mittal et al., who realised that by creating several broad groups into which it is possible to segment target learners, it can be ensured that the content of learning materials for an absolute beginner student is not the same for that of a student getting ready for an exam. Nowadays, most student modelling systems follow the same method, in which the systems starting point is to create a reference template for a student, thus, the expertise or intelligence encoded into the system can adapt the course organisation and content to the individual student. The use of this method to decide the style and level of content that a student should be offered, according to how students interact with the system, will lead to a more personalised learning experience. In the case of this research, the student and domain model did not entail the complexity of those built in adaptive systems; however, several of the underlying principles of available student and domain modelling techniques proved to be usef ul. The key issue in most adaptive systems that feature student and domain modelling is a sequence of complex data repositories that give highly precise values about student performance and completion against learning materials. The focus in this research will be on measuring the quality of the content of learning materials distributed via eLearning systems, and establishing how the student will interact with the materials, how they will be able to extract the relevant information from the content and how the context of the online materials will help students to recognise the underlying structure of the content and easily access the parts in which they are interested. This research will gather empirical evidence using online questionnaires, which can be used to directly ask students about their preferences and perspectives. Summary This part of the literature review provided a general overview of eLearning, including definitions of eLearning, a note of eLearning types and consideration of the concept of quality in eLearning. It also identified the definition adopted for eLearning in this study and considered the type upon which this research will focus. Moreover, in this section we laid the foundation for the general concept of quality in eLearning upon which the research will be based. Finally, it presented a brief discussion about the relationships between technology, users and content in an eLearning context. The next part of this chapter will discuss the concept of IQ within ISs; this will be used later on to set standards for IQ in the context of eLearning systems. Information Quality in Information Systems In this part of the literature review we will start with a brief discussion of the terms data quality and information quality, and will shed some light on the concept of IQ within ISs and how it could be defined. We will also provide a comprehensive review of the major historical developments of IQ frameworks. Data Quality(DQ) vs. Information Quality During recent years, much work has been done to build quality frameworks for IQ dimensions. In the past, research focused on DQ, but due to the recent development of internet technologies, ISs today are providing users with information, not only data. Therefore, research attention has shifted to focus on IQ frameworks. While, some researchers explicitly distinguish between the terms data and information and explain information as data which has been processed in some way, sometimes, it may be difficult to discriminate between them in practice . Still, in some studies the term information is interchangeable with data. Likewise, the term data quality is often used synonymously with information quality. Consequently, in this study, the concept of information will be used in a broad sense, which covers the concept of data. Before reviewing the researches that were conducted to formulate (data/information) quality frameworks within ISs, first we will discuss the meaning of IQ a nd how it could be defined. How Information Quality Could be Defined Although it is important to set standards for IQ, it is a difficult and complex issue, particularly in the area of ISs, because there is no formal definition of IQ, as quality is dependent on the criteria applied to it. Furthermore, it is dependent on the targets, the environment and from which viewpoint we look at the IQ, that is, from the provider or the consumer perspective. Moreover, IQ is both a task-dependent and a subjective concept. Juran summarises these aspects of quality in his quality definition as fitness for use. Similarly, Wang described DQ (which could apply to IQ) as data that is fit-for-use. This description has been adopted by researchers because it brings to light the fact that IQ cannot be defined and evaluated without knowing its context. Defining IQ in a contextual approach seems to be logical because quality criteria, which could be used to assess IQ, can differ according to the context. In fact, IQ is expressed in the literature to be a multi-dimensional concept with varying attributed characteristics depending on the context of the information. However, taking into account the complexity of the IQ concept and that its measurement is expected to be multi-dimensional in nature, the prime issue in defining the quality of any IS is identifying the criteria by which the quality is determined. The criteria result from the multi-dimensional and interdependent nature of quality in ISs, and are dependent on the objectives and the context of the system. Thus, it is common to define IQ on the internet by identifying the main dimensions of the quality, for that purpose IQ frameworks are widely used to identify the important quality dimensions in a specific context, these dimensions can be used as benchmark to improve the effectiveness of information systems, as described by Porter. Information Quality Frameworks Today, for any IS to be judged successfully it has first to satisfy additional predefined quality criteria. An eLearning system is a special type of IS so it is important to examine the literature relating to the traditional IS success models and the proposed quality frameworks, in order to test the possibility of extending these success models to identify eLearning content quality criteria in an eLearning context. Much of the work done in IS success has its origins in the well-known DeLone and McLean (DM) IS Success Model.This model provided a comprehensive taxonomy on IS success based on the analysis of more than 180 studies on IS success and it identified over 100 IS success measures during the analysis. It established that system quality, IQ, use, user satisfaction, individual and organisational impact were the most distinct elements of the IS success equation. In a later work, the authors confirmed the original taxonomy and their conclusion, namely that IS success was a mul tidimensional and interdependent construct. Their model makes two important contributions to the understanding of IS success. First, it provides a scheme for categorising the multitude of IS success measures that have been used in the literature. Second, it suggests a model of temporal and causal interdependencies between the categories. The updated model, which was proposed in 2003, consists of six dimensions: Information quality, which concerns the system content issue. Web content should be personalised, complete, relevant, easy to understand and secure. System quality, which measures the desired characteristics of a web based system such as usability, availability, reliability and adaptability. Service quality Usage, which measures visits to a website, navigation within the site and information retrieval. User satisfaction, which measures users opinions of the system and should cover the entire user experience cycle. Net benefits, which capture the balance of positive and negative impacts of the system on the users. Although this success measure is very important, it cannot be analysed and understood without system quality and IQ measurements. In their model, DeLone and McLean defined three main dimensions for the quality: IQ, systems quality and service quality. Each one has to be measured separately, because singularly or jointly, they will affect subsequent system usage and user satisfaction. In 1996, Wang and Strong proposed their DQ framework, which will be discussed in more detail in the following section. In their framework they categorised characteristics/attributes in to four main types/factors: intrinsic, accessibility, contextual and representational. This method of categorising IQ factors and attributes proved to be a valuable methodology for defining IQ. Lately, several quality management projects in business and government have successfully used this framework. After Wang Strong DQ framework, diverse research efforts were spent in order to identify IQ dimensions in deference contexts. Although these frameworks varied in their approach and application, they shared some of the same characteristics conc erning their classifications of the dimensions of quality. In 1996, Gertz focused on finding possible solutions for the problems regarding modeling and managing data quality and integrity of integrated data. H proposed a taxonomy of data quality characteristics that includes important attributes such as timeliness and completeness of local information sources. While Redmans work aimed to set up practical guidelines to analyze and improve information quality within business processes, h proposed a number of quality attributes grouped into six categories: Privacy, Content, Quality of Values, Presentation, Improvement and Commitment. In the same year, Zeist Hendricks identified 32 IQ sub-characteristics grouped in 6 main IQ characteristics which covered functionality, reliability, efficiency, usability, maintainability and portability. Unlike general purpose IQ framework, in 1997 Jarke proposed a special purpose framework where he used the same hierarchical design established by Wang Strong. He defined IQ criteria depending on the context and requirements for specific application; Data Warehouse Quality (DWQ). In his framework, Jarke linked each operational quality goals for data warehouses to the criteria which describe this goal. The main defined criteria are accessibility, interpretability, usefulness, believability, and validation. In 1998, Chen gave a list of IQ criteria with no special taxonomy. He, however, proposed a goal-oriented framework focusing mainly on time-oriented criteria such as response time and network delay. One year later, Alexander Tate proposed their framework for IQ IN Web environment. This framework consisted of 6 main criteria; authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, orientation and navigation. In the same year, Katerattanakul Siau adapted Wang Strong DQ framework to propose their four categories IQ framework of individual websites. Furthermore, Shanks Corbitt recommended a semiotic-based quality framework for inform ation on the Web. This framework includes four semiotic levels. Syntactic level to insure that information is consistent whiles the Semantic level focuses on the information completion and accuracy. Pragmatic level is the third level which covers the usability and the usefulness of the information. The forth level is the social level ensures information understandability. Within their framework there are 11 quality dimension distributed within the identified levels. Dedeke in 2000 developed a conceptual IS quality framework that includes 5 categories; ergonomic, accessible, transactional, contextual and representational quality. Each category consists of number of quality dimensions such as; availability, relevancy and conciseness. Whilst Zhu Gauch described 6 quality metrics for information retrieval on the web; these are availability, authority, currency, information-to-noise ratio and cohesiveness. Leung adapted Zeist Hendrickss quality framework in 2001 and applied it to Intranet applications. He defined 6 main IQ characteristics; functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability and portability. Each quality characteristic in the proposed framework includes numbers of sub-characteristics. Several research in IS quality were undertaken in 2002, Eppler Muenzenmayer suggested two main manifestations for their proposed framework; content quality and media quality. The content quality is focused on the quality of the presented information and it consists of two categories; relevant information and sound information. Whereas media quality is focused on the quality of the medium used to deliver the information and it includes optimized process category and reliable infrastructure category. Each category in the framework contains number of quality dimensions. Khan categorised IQ depending on the context of the system. The framework divided IQ into two main quality types; product and service quality. Moreover, it divided these two type s into 4 quality classifications and each classification into number of quality dimensions. The quality classifications are sound information, useful information, dependable information and usable information. In addition, Klein conducted a research in the same year to identify five IQ dimensions chosen Wang Strongs DQ framework to measure IQ in Web context; accuracy, completeness, relevance, timeliness and amount of data. Mecella also proposed an initial framework for quality management in Cooperative Information System (CIS). This framework includes a model for quality data exported by cooperating organizations and the design of an infrastructure service and improving quality. More recent, in 2005 Liu Huang mentioned 6 key dimensions for IQ; source (focused on information availability), content (focused on information completeness), format and presentation (focused on information consistency), currency (focused on information currency and timeliness), accuracy (focused on information accuracy and reliability) and speed (focused on how easily information is downloadable). Besiki et all introduced in 2007 a general framework for IQ assessment. This framework consists of a comprehensive taxonomy of IQ dimensions, and provides a straightforward and powerful predictive method to study IQ problems and reason through them in a systematic and meaningful way. Lately, Kimberly et all presented in 2009 a model for how to think about IQ depending on the application context; they identified number of common IQ metrics. Kargar Azimzadeh also presented an original experimental framework for ranking IQ on the Web log. The results of their research revealed 7 IQ dimensions for IQ in Web log. For each quality dimension, quality variables associated coefficients were calculated and used so that the proposed framework is able to automatically assess IQ of Web logs. In the same year Thi Helfert conducted a research aimed to propose a quality framework based on IS architecture. In their research they identified quality factors for different construct levels of IS architecture. Moreover, they also presented impacts amongst different quality factors which help to analyze the cause of IS defects. In this part we gave a brief review of the researches conducted to formulate (data/information) quality frameworks within ISs. However in the next section we will focus on Wang and Strongs DQ framework as we will use it as a base for this research to measure IQ in eLearning systems along the dimensions of the framework. Wang and Strongs Data Quality Framework Wang Strongs DQ framework, one of the most comprehensive, popular, remarkable and cited DQ frameworks, was established by Richard Wang and Diana Strong in 1996. Their framework was designed empirically by asking users to give their viewpoints about the relevance of the IQ dimensions to capture the most important aspects of DQ to the data consumer. In their framework, Wang and Strong classified quality dimensions into four groups: Intrinsic DQ: refers to the quality dimensions originating from the data on its own. This aspect of quality is independent of the users perspective and context. Contextual DQ: focuses on the aspect of IQ within the context of the task at hand. In this group, the quality dimensions are subjective preferences of the user. Contrary to the first group, DQ dimensions cannot be assessed without considering the users viewpoint about their use of provided information. Representational DQ: is related to the representation of information within the systems. Accessibility DQ: refers to the quality aspects concerned with accessing distributed information. The defining feature of this particular study is that quality attributes of data were collected from the data consumer instead of being defined theoretically or being based on the researchers own experiences. Their research can provide a basis for measuring DQ/IQ along the dimensions of this framework. Summary In this part of the literature review we shed some light on the use of the terms data quality and information quality, we also discussed the concept of IQ within ISs and considered how it could be defined. We also gave a historical review of the researches conducted to formulate (data/information) quality frameworks within ISs, focusing on Wang and Strongs DQ framework which will provide a good basis for this research to measure IQ in eLearningsystems along the dimensions of this framework. However, this research will also investigate the possibility of integrating a web-mining approach, a data gathering technique, in order to automate the evaluation process. It seems logical, therefore, that the available methods for web-mining and information extraction are now reviewed. These will be discussed in the next section. Information extraction and Web-Mining This study focuses not only on the evaluation of IQ in the context of eLearning systems, but also it will investigate the possibility of integrating a web-mining approach, a data extraction technique, in order to automate the evaluation process. This part of the literature review will provide a brief overview of the information represented on the web. It will also focus on web-mining definitions and categories, and the idea of information extraction. Information on the Web Today, the web is becoming more popular and interactive information publishing mediums and the levels of web information are growing rapidly. Moreover, the web holds a huge amount of distributed information for news, education, government, e-commerce and various other information services. Also, the web contains a rich and dynamic collection of hyperlink information and webpage access and usage information, all of which raise an information overload issue. In fact, today web users can access vast amounts of information, however, it becomes ever more difficult to weed out the irrelevant and discover the relevant information which has drawn attention to a fundamental issue: information overload. The nature of web information is unstructured, thus it can only be understood by humans, but the massive amount of available information means that it can only be processed efficiently by machines. A lack of metadata, data about data, represents another challenge when dealing with the publ ished information. To be able to cope with these challenges researchers started to apply techniques from data-mining and machine learning to web data and documents. Web-mining applications help users in finding, sorting and filtering the available information, while the Semantic Web aims to make the data machine understandable as well. Web-Mining Extracting useful or valuable information from the web is usually referred to as web-mining. It refers to the application of data-mining methods for the discovery of useful information on the web. In the literature, several definitions exist relating to web-mining. It could be generally defined as the automated discovery and analysis of useful information published in web documents and services using data-mining methods. It is a large and new area converging from several research districts, such as database, information extraction and artificial intelligence. Web-mining techniques could be used to solve the information overload problem. Web-Mining Categories There are three categories for web-mining according to the different sources of the target data: Web-content mining: which addresses the discovery of knowledge from the content of web pages, thus, it includes the target data contained in a web page as text, images, multimedia, etc. Web-usage mining: which addresses the discovery of knowledge from user navigation data while surfing the web, thus, this includes the target data contained in users log files. Web-structure mining: which addresses the discovery of knowledge from hyperlinks on the web. This broadly used categorisation of web-mining started in 1997 when Cooley, Srivastava and Mobasher introduced web-content mining and web-usage mining, while web-structure mining was added in 2000 by Kosala and Blockeel. The focus in this research will be on web-content mining as a technique to automate the extraction process of the information needed in the quality measurement. Web-Mining and Information Extraction (IE) Natural language (NL) texts are used mostly as digital information storage mediums. The main goal of information extraction (IE) is to find the required information in NL texts and store this information in a way that is suitable for automatic querying and processing. IE involves defining output representations or templates and searching only for information that fits the defined representations. Summary Within this section of the literature review a brief idea of information representation on the web was provided. It also shed some light on the web-mining definition and considered the categories of web-mining, finally, the idea of information extraction was noted. Conclusion The literature review provided a general background to the subject of eLearning, including the definitions, types and the concepts of quality, IQ within ISs, and web-mining as an information extracting technique. The literature offered here mainly focused on the sub-topics of the larger research areas which will be directly applicable to this research. References Paulsen, M.F., (2002) Online education systems: Discussion and definition of terms. NKI Distance Education, Romiszowski, A., (2004) Hows the e-learning baby? Factors leading to success or failure of an educational technology innovation. Educational Technology. 44(1): p. 5-27 Gerhard, J. and Mayr, P.(2002) Competing in the e-learning environmentstrategies for universities. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS02). 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Education Training. 43: p. 249-255 Stracke, C.M., (2006) Quality standards for quality development in e-learning: Adoption, implementation and adaptation of iso/iec 19796-1. Q.E.D. The Quality Initiative E-Learning in Germany. The National Project for Quality in e-Learning, Conner, K. and Conner, M. (2006) Ageless learner. [cited 2010 8 April]; Available from: https://agelesslearner.com/intros/elearning.html. Webber, C., Pesty, S., and Balacheff, N. A (2002) multi-agent and emergent approach to learner modelling. Proceedings of the 15th Eureopean Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI).pp.98-102. Heift, T. and Nicholson, D., (2001) Web delivery of adaptive and interactive language tutoring International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. 12: p. 310-324 KOBSA, A., (2001) Generic user modeling systems. User Modelling and User-Adapted Interaction Journal. 11: p. 49-63 Esposito, F., Licchelli, O., and Semeraro, G., (2004) Discovering student models in e-learning systems. Journal of Universal Computer Science. 10(1): p. 47-57 Ong, J. and Ramachandran, S.(2000) Intelligent tutoring systems: The what and the how. [cited 2007 30/October ]; https://www.learningcircuits.org/2000/feb2000/ong.htm. Santally, M.I. and Senteni, A., (2005) Adaptation models for personalisation in web-based learning environments. Malaysian Online Journal of Instructional Technology. 2(1) Tang, T.Y. and McCalla, G. (2003) Towards pedagogy-oriented paper recommendations and adaptive annotations for a web-based learning system. 18th International Joint Conference On Artificial Intelligence.Acapulco, Mexico. Conati, C. and VanLehn, K. Providing (2001) adaptive support to the understanding of instructional material Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States. Papanikolaou, K.A., Grigoriadou, M., Kornilakis, H., and Magoulas, G.D., (2003) Personalizing the interaction in a web-based educational hypermedia system: The case of inspire User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction. 13(3): p. 213-267 Mittal, A., Krishnan, P.V., and Altman, E., (2006) Content classification and context-based retrieval system for e-learning. Educational Technology Society. 9(1): p. 349-358 Richter, G., On the relationship between information and data (1976) , Data base systems. , Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. p. 21-43. Alan F Karr, A.P.S., David L Banks (2006) Data quality: A statistical perspective. Statistical Methodology 3:p. 137-173 RY, W. (1998). A product perspective on total data quality management. Communication of the ACM. Vol. 41. no. 2. pp. 58-65 Knight, S.-a., (2008) User perception of information quality in world wid web information retrieval behaviour, PhD Thesis, Cowan University Juran., J., (1974) The quality control handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York, 3rd edition. Wang, R.Y. and Strong, D.M., (1996) Beyond accuracy: What data quality means to data consumers. Journal of Management Information Systems. 12(4): p. 5 Strong, D.M., Lee, Y.W., and Wang, R.Y.(1997). Data quality in context. Communications of the ACM. Vol. 40. no. 5. pp. 103-110 Shankar, G. and Watts, S. (2003) A relevant, believable approach for data quality assessment. Proceedings of 8th international conference on information quality.pp.178-189 MIT. Klein, B.D., (2001) User perceptions of data quality:Internet and traditional text. Journal of Computer Information Systems. 4(41): p. 9-18 Aladwani, A.M. and Palvia, P.C., (2002) Developing and validating an instrument for measuring user-perceived web quality. Information Management. 39(6): p. 467-476 Buyukozkan, G., Ruan, D., and Feyzioglu, O., (2007) Evaluating e-learning web site quality in a fuzzy environment. International Journal of Intelligent Systems. 22(5): p. 567-586 Porter, M., (1991) Towards a dynamic theory of strategy. Strategic Management Journal. 12(1): p. 954-1117 Elpez, I. and Fink, D., (2006) Information systems success in the public sector: Stakeholders perspectives and emerging alignment model. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology. 3 Delone, w.H. and McLean, E.R., (1992) Information systems success: The quest for the dependent variable. Information Systems Research. 3(1): p. 60-95 Delone, w.H. and McLean, E.R., (2003) The delone and mclean model for information systems success:A ten year update. Journal of Managment Information Systems. 19(2): p. 9-30 Lin, S., Gao, J., Koronios, A., and Chanana, V., (2007) Developing a data quality framework for asset management in engineering organisations. International Journal of Information Quality. 1(1): p. 100 126 Katerattanakul, P. and Siau, K. (1999) Measuring information quality of web sites: Development of an instrument. Proceedings of 20th international conference on Information Systems.pp.279-285 Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. Klein, B.D. (2002) When do users detect information quality problems on the world wide web? Proceedings of 8th American Conference in Information Systems.pp.1101-1103 Knight, S.a. and Burn, J., (2005) Developing a framework for assessing information quality on the world wide web. Informing Science Journal. 8 Gertz, M. (1996) Managing data quality and integrity in federated databases. Proceedings of 2nd Working Conference on Integrity and Internal Control in Information Systems.pp.211-230 Redman, T. (1996) Data quality for the information age. 2nd edition Artech House, London. Zeist, R.H.J. and Hendriks, P.R.H., (1996) Specifying software quality with the extended iso model. Software Quality Journal. 5(4): p. 273-284 Jarke, M. and Vassiliou, Y. (1997) Data warehouse quality: A review of the dwq project. Proceedings of 2nd Intl. Conf. on Information Quality pp.98112 Cambridge, Mass. Chen, Y., Zhu, Q., and Wang, N., (1998) Query processing with quality control in the world wide web. World Wide Web Journal. 1(4): p. 241-255 Alexander, J.E. and Tate, M.A. (1999) Web wisdom: How to evaluate and create information quality on the web 4th edition, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey Shanks, G. and Corbitt, B. (1999) Understanding data quality: Social and cultural aspects. Proceedings of the 10th Australasian Conference on Information Systems. Dedeke, A. (2000) A conceptual framework for developing quality measures for information systems. Proceeding of 5th International Conference on information Quality.pp.126-128 Zhu, X. and Gauch, S. (2000) Incorporating quality metrics in centralized/ distributed information retrieval on world wide web. Proceedings of 23 international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval. Athens, Greece. Leung, H.K.N., (2001) Quality metrics for intranet applications. Information Management. 38(3): p. 137 152. Eppler, M. and Muenzenmayer, P. (2002) Measuring information quality in the web context: A survey of state-of-the-art instruments and an application methodology. Proceedings of International Conference on Information Quality.pp.187-196. Kahn, K., Strong, D., and Wang, R., (2002) Information quality benchmarks: Product and service performance. Communications of the ACM. 45(4): p. 184 193 Mecella, M., Scannapieco, M., Virgillito, A., Baldoni, R., Catarci, T., and Batini, C. (2002) Managing data quality in cooperative information systems. Proceedings of the Confederated International Conferences DOA, CoopIS and ODBASE.pp.486-502 Liu, X.W. and Han, S.L., (2005) Ranking fuzzy numbers with preference weighting function expectations. Computers Mathematics with Applications. 49(11-12): p. 1731-1753 Besiki, S., Gasser, L., Twidale, M.B., and Smith, L.C., (2007) A framework for information quality assessment. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 58(12): p. 1720-1733 Kimberly, K., Pankaj, M., and John, W., (2009) Do you know your iq?: A research agenda for information quality in systems. Sigmetrics Perform. Eval. Rev. 37(3): p. 26-31 Kargar, M.J. and Azimzadeh, F., (2009) A framework for ranking quality of information on weblog. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 56: p. 690-695 Thi, T.T.P. and Helfert, M. (2009) An information system quality framework based on information system architectures , Information systems development: Challenges in practice, theory, and education. 1st edition., Springer US. p. 337-350. Han, J. and Kamber, M. (2006) Data mining concepts and techniques. 2nd edition. Morgan Kaufmann, Fransisco, USA.2006 Maes, P. (1994) Agent that reduce work and information overload. Communication of the ACM. Vol. 37. no. 7. pp. 30-40 Zhou, X., Li, Y., Bruza, P., Wu, S.T., and Y. Xu. (2007) Using information filtering in web data mining process. Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence.pp.163-169 Silicon Valley, California, USA. Stumme, G., Hotho, A., and Berendt, B., (2006) Semantic web mining: State of the art and future directions. Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web. 4(2): p. 124-143 Finding and evaluating information on the web [online guide] Leeds Metropolitan University [cited at 15 April 2010]; libraryonline.leedsmet.ac.uk/lco/publications/pdf/web/qg-46.pdf Sivaramakrishnan, J. And Balakrishnan, V., (2009) Web mining functions in an academic search application. Informatica Economica Journal. 13(3): p. 132-139 Kosala, R. and Blockeel, H. (2000). Web mining research: A survey. ACM SIGKDD Explorations,. Vol. 2. no. pp. 1-15 Lappas, G., (2008) An overview of web mining in societal benefit areas. Online Information Review. 32(2): p. 179-195 Cooley, R., Srivastava, J., and Mobasher, B. (1997) Web mining: Information and pattern discovery on the world wide web volume(1) pp.12-23 Raymond, K. and Hendrik, B. (2000) Web mining research: A survey ACM volume(2) issue (1) pp.1-15 Siefkes, C. (2003) Learning to extract information for the semantic web. Proceedings of Berliner XML Tage 2003.pp.452-459 Berlin.

How to Achieve Effective Essay Writing Skills

Step by step instructions to Achieve Effective Essay Writing SkillsThere are numerous approaches to accomplish viable exposition composing abilities. You can utilize a 'One-Sentence Idea' equation for editing, yet your peruser will probably think that its unnatural. You can maintain a strategic distance from this issue by taking easy routes to composing. Remember that all types of composing must beginning some place, and having a thought is a beginning, yet nobody likes to peruse chaotic, disconnected, mixed up sentences.For compelling article composing, you can discover a record and addition data about the subject or theme. On the off chance that you don't have anything to expound on, at that point have a go at keeping in touch with some broad data about yourself or the subject. In any case, don't wind up composing 'I realize how to work superbly on a first time...' as it has no impact at all. Simply do not.The objective of your article is to speak with your crowd. Disclose to them something important to you and what is happening in your life that you need to convey to them. This is the hardest part. You are attempting to make something the peruser needs to hear, and you can't go to an open spot and state 'I am a savvy, shrewd person'I am a competitor.' It doesn't fit, and they won't trust you.Find a decent subject for your article. Try not to depend on regular things like game, school, religion, or love. They don't convey a similar significance to everybody. Expounding on your own life can open up the conversation to what you need to state, and this is the thing that you need to state. You have to think of a decent expression that is 'your thing.' Whatever it is, you should have it, else you will simply be perusing the regular old ideas.Tryto locate the most ideal approach to communicate and afterward attempt to utilize the devices available to you to communicate in the most ideal manner. This takes work, and it is significant that you comprehend what works a nd what doesn't. Keep in mind, the fundamental target is to speak with the peruser so they don't feel lost.Find different approaches to communicate. There are numerous different approaches to communicate, for example, to utilize another sort of word, another kind of sentence structure, or a representation. Different approaches to communicate incorporate the utilization of similitudes, and whenever you see a chance to utilize those, take it.Remember, there are numerous approaches to accomplish powerful article composing abilities. Similarly likewise with some other aptitude, your prosperity can be founded on your own capacity to learn new methods and practice them until you ace them. For whatever length of time that you keep on learning new methods, and that should be possible by perusing and gaining from other people groups' composition, you will improve as an essayist and your composing will improve.

Ideas For Presentations Topics

<h1>Ideas For Presentations Topics</h1><p>Ideas for introductions themes are significant on the grounds that the best gathering coordinators realize that it is just through acceptable, fascinating and solid and steady introductions that their meetings pull in light of a legitimate concern for the participants. Smart thoughts for introductions can be found in an assortment of spots. Here are a couple of them:</p><p></p><p>The Bible is an extraordinary spot to discover smart thoughts for introductions. A great many people who go to a congregation gathering have at any rate one strict book in their homes. Individuals who go to different kinds of courses, for example, expo introductions or deals introductions, are additionally normally intrigued by writing about points that they are not comfortable with.</p><p></p><p>Speakers who have gone to classes will likewise offer some generally excellent recommendations for introduc tions. You ought to listen cautiously to what the speaker needs to state. It might be savvy to peruse a portion of the material that was introduced at the course. There are most likely a few ideas that you don't comprehend that you could apply to your own business.</p><p></p><p>Information with respect to a wide range of subjects can be found in books. In the event that you have a nearby library, there is a decent possibility that you will discover a few books that are especially enlightening. Maybe you will appreciate finding out about the lawful arrangement of another nation. Or then again maybe you may appreciate investigating some intriguing themes concerning individual account. Moreover, by perusing books that are planned for instructing the general population, you will include the decent variety of thoughts for introductions topics.</p><p></p><p>Ideas for introductions are likewise frequently found in magazines and diaries. There are numerous distributions committed to the subject of a specific subject. For instance, numerous national magazines distribute articles on subjects that they are worried about, for example, immigration.</p><p></p><p>Conferences, which spread a wide scope of themes, can give an incredible chance to make intriguing introductions. At these sorts of occasions, the themes are regularly very expansive, and thusly are very simple to investigate. It is generally conceivable to gain proficiency with a great deal about the subject of the occasion without talking. That is, obviously, in the event that you need to participate!</p><p></p><p>The Internet is a fantastic wellspring of extraordinary thoughts for introductions. The Internet contains an assortment of sites, including those gave to composing and instructing. You can generally discover an article by a well known writer on a famous website.</p><p></p><p>Books are o ther extraordinary wellsprings of thoughts for introductions. Various books have explicit segments committed to introducing new or intriguing thoughts for introductions. In the event that you can get hold of a book that centers around a specific subject, you will have something of incredible incentive to offer your audience.</p>

The Secret of Writing an Essay in Narrative Fashion That No One Is Talking About

<h1>The Secret of Writing an Essay in Narrative Fashion That No One Is Talking About </h1> <p>The account exposition may be a precarious industry since it is hard to appear with a bottomless and connecting with content in the occasion the columnist is certainly not a person that is imaginative. It is fundamental for the creator to give guests a vibe about the event. To sum up, the creator should specify the things that they have gained from that unique occasion. An expert author ought to be able to deal with this substance at an altogether quicker pace than the standard understudy, as they are used to composing such number of substance on a premise that is ordinary. </p> <p>Therefore, despite the fact that story composing is an increasingly imaginative kind of composing, it's as yet a contention and should be treated all things considered. The idea of a convincing first-individual portrayal isn't the only one. An account may make way for a particular iss ue, and the story doesn't really should be about the creator himself. An awesome connecting with story is reliant on words. </p> <h2> The Nuiances of Writing an Essay in Narrative Fashion </h2> <p>It's absolutely evident, especially in the circle of advertising where the way in which you look makes individuals make presumptions about your tendency and about the organization that you speak to. Somebody's face might be the subject of an engaging exposition. Precisely the same circumstance can be seen in different manners by various people. An individual should peruse altogether about the subject close by and limited down all the potential circumstances and end results of a particular occasion or occurring. </p> <p>The key issue is to take a gander at the specialist's portfolios and find some unmistakable article models. End It is apparent that design and attire has a significant influence in causing various people to show up precisely the same. A sh adow box is an incredible way to show bigger pooch related things that won't coordinate in an ordinary edge. </p> <p>This article talks about how hybrid style is currently a satisfactory bit of a few powerful social orders including America. With customized pullovers of the NFL, you are sure that you have the perfect plan. There are various composing styles one can choose from. </p> <p>Never leave from your article without arriving at a resolution and your decision must be as per your explanation which you've referenced toward the beginning of the paper. The presentation should start with a proposal explanation that states how you're feeling about your subject. In view of the term of the exposition, many body passages will be unique. It is essential to incorporate three reasons you may develop portray in great detail since they will frame the passages of your graphic paper. </p> <h2> Top Writing an Essay in Narrative Fashion Choices</h2> <p>You can obtain theenvironmental contamination paper samplefrom the specific site beside different points referenced here. In this section, you will find out about different sorts of expositions and the best approach to make each one out of them. A simple paper is effectively the most normal kind of article. Find the arrangement inside this article. </p> <p>The essential contrast among enlightening and account articles is in the structure and point of the paper. Informative composing is utilized when you might want to clarify or advise, which makes it an incredibly well known composing style for papers. The point of an unmistakable article is clear, select a subject and depict it. The plan of composing this sort of article is to instruct understudies to create important sentences. </p> <p>The clarification for a student to utilize an exposition essayist is to run over master fantastic substance accomplished in a manner that is auspicious. Because of the choice of this exposition, it could be dubious for paper scholars which are most and furthermore require to discover motivation to get them going. An author should begin the article with a perfectly clear articulation or research question. Consider a superb story paper for a film for the brain. </p> <h2> The Advantages of Writing an Essay in Narrative Fashion </h2> <p>So as to be persuading, the paper should be emotional and somewhat intense, at the same time, at decisively a similar time, it should be clear and brief. Your chief point isn't to persuade anyone regarding your thoughts however to gather various feelings. In the presentation notice what part you're probably going to talk about. When choosing what things to feature about your subject, have a stage back and investigate what attracts you to it. </p>

Topics For A College Application Essay

<h1>Topics For A College Application Essay</h1><p>Essays are a major piece of school affirmations, and nowadays a large number of the themes for a school application article are evolving. These points can incorporate anything from what your family does to the things you like to do throughout everyday life. It's truly up to you and what you need to state, yet recognizing what you can't state is a decent thing.</p><p></p><p>College application papers are regularly one of the most significant pieces of your school application. They are for the most part on your application structure alongside your other individual data. You are qualified for a meeting at the school where you will apply, so this is the primary spot that you should consider composing your exposition. What your exposition says ought to be something that is valid and accurate, yet it ought to likewise be something that is somewhat more close to home than simply expressing realities and reasons why you need to go to college.</p><p></p><p>There are two regular points for school application papers that you will discover in most school applications. The first is commonly the equivalent every year; as a feature of your outline you ought to record what you think about yourself and what you might want your future to resemble. This can be general things like how old you are, the motivation behind why you are applying to school, or something that is explicit to your present circumstance. The things that you share with a potential school are very important.</p><p></p><p>Another regular theme for school application expositions is the thing that you mean to do with your life after school. You ought to compose a section or two portraying precisely what you need to do after you graduate. This can be about a specific zone of enthusiasm, something you need to accomplish for a mind-blowing remainder, or it tends to be something q uite certain like being a pediatric attendant or instructing. You can share a tad of your own life and if conceivable offer where you imagine yourself in five years.</p><p></p><p>Oneof the most widely recognized subjects for school applications is an announcement about who you need to be in five years. Your target proclamation is an open door for you to characterize yourself before you ever arrive. Your motivation explanation is something that you have to record to disclose why you need to go to school. This is likewise a decent time to show a portion of your inclinations and things that you need to do once you finish school.</p><p></p><p>Once you have gone over the regular themes for a school application article, it's an ideal opportunity to begin contemplating how you are going to transform these words into something that will really have any kind of effect in somebody's life. It's anything but difficult to get so got up to speed in the sentiment of the subject that you can neglect to really place enough idea into the theme itself. In the event that you follow these essential tips, you will have the option to give that ideal school article you've been looking for.</p><p></p><p>The universities anticipate that you should compose well, yet they likewise anticipate that you should give them something that they will recall when it's a great opportunity to pick you. You can help the procedure along by ensuring that your subject is intriguing and that you can make your target and reason clear to any individual who understands it. Your paper ought catch their eye as well as it should stand out from the pack.</p><p></p><p>Essays for school application articles can be written in various manners, and keeping in mind that you are thinking of them you will have the chance to tailor them to what will work best for you. You can likewise make a blueprint of what themes you need to discuss in your exposition and tail it with visual cues to make sense of precisely what you will expound on. This will assist you with going into school knowing precisely what to state and what to ensure that you talk about when you are composing your essay.</p>

College Essay - Why Do Students Struggle to Write?

<h1>College Essay - Why Do Students Struggle to Write?</h1><p>College exposition is maybe the most troublesome piece of the school application process. Numerous candidates don't understand how much time and exertion they have to place into a school article. Understudies that need to contribute a great deal of time and exertion to their school expositions may not be extremely brilliant, yet that is no purpose behind an understudy to quit applying for school scholarships.</p><p></p><p>It is genuine that there are various types of papers that understudies can get ready. A few understudies may need to compose a long research paper about their pet turtle in a little language that they are attempting to learn. Understudies need to invest energy and endeavors so as to set up a decent article and understudies may not consider how to compose an essay.</p><p></p><p>One approach to get ready for school expositions is to do some e xploration on school papers. Investigating on inquire about papers will permit understudies to contrast a school exposition with other research papers that are similar.</p><p></p><p>The top three purposes behind the use of school articles is having the school paper to be straightforward and getting the most ideal evaluations. Understudies need to figure out how to step up and compose an article and some of the time you need to acknowledge that it won't be anything but difficult to compose a paper.</p><p></p><p>The issue that understudies run into when they don't have the opportunity to compose a school exposition is they won't take advantage of it. A few understudies can hardly imagine how they can't compose a paper. There are understudies that don't traverse composing a decent paper regardless of whether they put a great deal of exertion and time in.</p><p></p><p>The advantage that understudies have is that the y can learn on the best way to compose an article from the experts who are specialists regarding the matter. It is anything but difficult to figure out how to compose an article when you get a few pointers from experts that have just composed research papers and essays.</p><p></p><p>College exposition about taking ahard class College article is one of the most significant pieces of the school application process. It is nothing unexpected that there are numerous understudies that are battling with composing papers. It is the ideal opportunity for the school candidate to get more direction and need to invest the exertion so as to improve their essays.</p>

Roman Numeral Worksheets With Answers

The Informative Essay Samples on Herbs as Medicine Game

<h1>The Informative Essay Samples on Herbs as Medicine Game </h1> <p>Possessing an exacting methodology towards one's wellbeing is among the key aspects of the Rastafarian culture and lifestyle. Among different clarifications for why people tend to fall back on regular medication is that a couple of the necessities can't be met by the cutting edge clinical offices. Alongside being educational, it must be intriguing. A genuine case of non-evil is halting any medicine that is demonstrated to be destructive or declining to flexibly treatment to a patient that has not yet been shown to be successful in preliminaries. </p> <h2> The Unexposed Secret of Informative Essay Samples on Herbs as Medicine</h2> <p>Problems like bringing back lost darlings, bringing incredible karma, passing assessments alongside getting rich for renowned reasons tend to get practiced in a profound manner. A useful paper is the best strategy to clarify something that is con voluted. In the occasion the author presents you with something fundamentally the same as what is appeared here, at that point you're in acceptable hands! On the off chance that you are looking for a 1 stop search for web exposition models, at that point you've come at the most appropriate spot. </p> <p>Try to recall that in the event that you break down your paper, your chief errand is to ensure your crowd comprehends the key focuses without a great deal of trouble. The finish of exposition, that is the past part, ought to turn into your chance to create your perusers comprehend the whole purpose of your theme. It is vital to complete the whole useful paper on an epic note in the occasion the writer needs the perusing crowd to recall his splendid recommendations and continue inquiring about the issue. Before you initiate composing an instructive exposition, it's essential to pick an intriguing and significant subject, with the goal that it will get a handle on considera tion of loads of individuals and moreover be very useful. </p> <p>The major structure of an educational article is incredibly simple. In the event that you need help, our totally free example articles will transform into the perfect technique for propelling your paper composing abilities. In the event that you might want to figure out how to create a useful article, it's essential to investigate the whole procedure bit by bit to guarantee it is clear. Despite the fact that there are methodical ways on creating your own one of a kind useful paper, it very well may be hard to do. </p> <p>The paper should be useful and support at exactly the same second. Peruse on to discover increasingly about how to build an educational article, and instances of useful expositions to help you in beginning. Useful expositions should start with finishing a framework. 'Useful papers are accessible in numerous structures,' she clarified. </p> <h2>The Hidden Treasure of Informative Essay Samples on Herbs as Medicine </h2> <p>After reaching numerous greatness understudies from a few schools, our specialists have accumulated some of the best instructive article points to permit you to settle on the thought. In the event that it goes to any class in the medicinal services field, examining and exposition composing can make some protracted memories. Article composing gives a lot of advantages to understudies in the academe. Try not to be concerned, EssayPro is here so as to show our understudies all that they should find out about creating an educational essay !</p> <h2> What Does Informative Essay Samples on Herbs as Medicine Mean? </h2> <p>Many completely free instances of different scholastic papers on one of a kind subjects are accessible on the web, and we recommend to get a gander at one of the many top examples. As expressed before there are loads of themes one can choose from. Select a theme you're buried in, a point you grasp that is the surest way to deal with consider easy to follow enlightening paper. In the occasion the theme isn't doled out, you'll have to choose your own point. </p> <p>Along with the 3 techniques, there are heaps of means by which you can compose an educational exposition that gives you a definition. A composing administration can moreover be employed to make a model archive. Subsequent to presenting your subject sentence, it's an ideal opportunity to adhere to the CCE arrangement to make the most pivotal segment of the article. The most fundamental piece of any education al exposition group is its whole body. </p> <p>Conclusion Dogs are very cherishing and mindful. Your paper may consolidate the variables for high schooler pregnancy and discussion about the ongoing paces of adolescent pregnancy and potential arrangements. Chinese medication began to spin around the unadulterated world. </p> <h2> The 30-Second Trick for Informative Essay Samples on Herbs as Medicine </h2> <p>To make it less complex for you to create an indispensable investigation article, we have a gainful examination composing layout that will guide you through the most basic focuses. There are 3 strategies that might be used in giving clarification to useful exposition. It is conceivable to peruse a case of instructive paper to discover an idea of what things to compose. The representation of a layout will assist with understanding how to create a useful paper. </p>

What Is So Fascinating About Possible Macbeth Essay Topics?

<h1> What Is So Fascinating About Possible Macbeth Essay Topics? </h1> <h2> What Is So Fascinating About Possible Macbeth Essay Topics? </h2> <p>Readers should feel that they have an extensive piece of data no more, no less. Brilliant rating and awesome audits should reveal to you whatever you have to comprehend about this astounding composing administration. </p> <h2>The Ideal Strategy for Possible Macbeth Essay Topics </h2> <p>You ever wished to find out about the character, lightning. How they plan the wrongdoing and the manner by which they succeed. Normally, don't disregard to watch the film adjustments, particularly the past one from Justin Kurzel, in case you're to a greater degree a visual than an innovative person. Toward the beginning of the dramatization. </p> <p>Characters in the story tend to lie commonly. The sleepwalking scene could be among the paramount bits of the play. Use character cites and sensational scenes to fortify your point. Pick a subject about the 3 witches' capacity in the story. </p> <h2> What to Do About Possible Macbeth Essay Topics Before It Is Too Late </h2> <p>There are various Macbeth exposition subjects, with the goal that you can procure an awesome decision without any problem. Incredible for understudies who must compose Macbeth expositions. Composing a Macbeth exposition isn't as hard as it would show up. Each Macbeth paper must stick to a particular layout for suitable association, consequently it doesn't end in accepting great Macbeth exposition points. </p> <p>Those individuals who have perused and watched Macbeth would feel that it's a disastrous play. Right now you must go for Macbeth exposition models since these gives you a viable trace of what you're anticipated to expound on. The two of these subjects appear in the first variation of the play, Macbeth, and a cutting edge release, Macbeth Retold. Peruse Macbeth to locate some supportive thoughts for a perfect arrangement. </p> <p>It's an incredible idea to consider what you find generally intriguing with respect to the play and select a point dependent on your advantage. Which will be a piece of my next survey for one more show. It doesn't have any kind of effect to us, regardless of whether you're excessively occupied at work focusing on an energy undertaking, or basically sick of an apparently unending stream of assignments. The sound framework was significantly superior to the scene from the previous night, notwithstanding the lighting. </p> <p>You should start with a presentation in which you give out the subject of the paper which must be trailed by a reasonable abstract of the circumstances you intend to depict in the exposition. Obviously, when you have next to no composing experience you must discover exposition models on Shakespeare's Macbeth to guarantee you learn article composing ABC. All of the character has some particular highlights and that is exactly why it's anything but difficult to compose on them. There are loads of Macbeth exposition models, however it's trying to put the entire play into the one short paper. </p> <p>As an essayist, you need to demonstrate why you're supportive of a specific side and contend to persuade the perusers. The topic uselessness of life is anything but a significant subject of the play, yet it might be an extraordinary theme to expound on. In the film she is amazingly sexual towards him. Anyway in the credible film she read it actually coolly it didn't influence her. </p> <h2> New Step by Step Roadmap for Possible Macbeth Essay Topics</h2> <p>Any article on Shakespeare may concern a remarkable scope of themes. Along these lines, begin searching for Macbeth article models and think about the potential themes which you may pick. Along these lines, you can need to procure more information on the best way to start and make the exposition. There's much data and study materials on Macbeth which you can go over on the web. </p> <h2> The Ultimate Possible Macbeth Essay Topics Trick</h2> <p>If you have this sort of task do n't go ballistic. Understudies have occupied existences and as often as possible disregard a moving toward cutoff time. In this way, numerous understudies and workers choose to obtain reasonable exposition as opposed to composing it themselves. Also, here's a copy of the flyer. </p> <h2>Whispered Possible Macbeth Essay Topics Secrets </h2> <p>On the other side, Lady Macbeth has a progressively enthusiastic technique for analyzing the points of interest and weaknesses of executing Duncan. The deplorable legend perceives their defect, anyway nothing should be possible so as to turn away disaster. Reveal the genuine truth behind the secret made by the Great Bard! </p> <p>Let's gander at a couple of them. At the point when you're through with the short portrayal, at that point it's the ideal opportunity for proper investigation and understanding of the things you essentially read. You can pick a character in the play and create a contention dependent on their viewpoint. Expound on such lies and notice who tells misleading statements that altogether sway the aftereffects of the story. </p>

Research Paper - Frederick Douglass in Your Paper

<h1>Research Paper - Frederick Douglass in Your Paper</h1><p>If you have a subject for an examination paper, at that point why not attempt and make it significantly all the more intriguing by remembering Frederick Douglass for your exploration? There are such huge numbers of significant occasions and thoughts that he has added to the world that it will be a good thought to find out about them in his own words. Additionally, Douglass is a decent good example and would be acceptable material for a book. On the off chance that you utilize a portion of his thoughts in your examination paper, at that point you will have increased the value of your topic.</p><p></p><p>Douglass was conceived in 1818 in Maryland, yet he went through a large portion of his time on earth in France. He initially came to America as a wartime captive, which is the place he got his beginning recorded as a hard copy and talking his opinions.</p><p></p>< p>In America, he chipped away at manors, for the most part, being utilized as a sort of hireling, which empowered him to utilize his encounters recorded as a hard copy and talking. Following quite a while in America, he came back to Europe and began considering law. During this time, he was a legal counselor, just as a supervisor of a magazine.</p><p></p><p>He composed various books and articles on different subjects, including servitude and disparity, which remembered a few parts of bigotry for America. Truth be told, he had no issue with individuals, even white individuals, when it came to examining these things.</p><p></p><p>While some would think about his bigotry because of his childhood and in view of his social contrasts, others state that it was essentially the way that he was naturally introduced to a slave. Whatever the case, he didn't hold such perspectives after he got away from the manors, in spite of the fact that ther e are the individuals who accept that he may have been by implication liable for the first lynching.</p><p></p><p>Douglass later moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he turned into a supervisor for a while. His pen has an acclaimed saying 'The pen is mightier than the blade'. He in the long run proceeded to learn at Harvard, and later at Oxford University, the two of which are viewed as two of the best colleges in the world.</p><p></p><p>It is intriguing to take note of that numerous individuals despite everything look to Douglass as a motivation and a good example today. He is viewed as a conspicuous verifiable figure, yet huge numbers of his perspectives and his words are as yet utilized today. On the off chance that you need to peruse a few statements from him, which are taken from a portion of his books, you can do so on the web, and they are on the whole allowed to view.</p><p></p><p>When inquiring ab out any points, regardless of whether it is a theory, short report, or other kind of paper, it is constantly a decent reference material to get the expressions of Frederick Douglass in your exploration. It will be fascinating to peruse what he needed to state about the present reality, the treacheries that are being experienced by African Americans, and his position on fairness in America.</p>

Essay Topics For Small Children - Tips For Achieving Results

Essay Topics For Small Children - Tips For Achieving ResultsFor some reason, I often hear parents say they do not have time to work on essay topics for small children. The logical reason is, 'I need to write for school'. Although essay topics for small children should be a given, there are still several things to remember.The most important factor when looking at essay topics for small children is that a child is not going to ask you what the topic is. Therefore, you need to make it up as you go along. As an aside, writing the essay is the easy part.Listening to your child is an even more important part of this assignment. Make sure to include reading materials and books that would encourage a child to read. Make it a point to read out loud several times to your child.Some teachers will not allow a child to read the essay aloud. However, a child has no problem expressing their opinion in this manner. The problem comes when the child shows their opinion through their body language.Whe n the child is asking you to write something, it is fine to just write your own statement. When you first start writing your essay, do not worry if you will make spelling errors.There are many rules to writing essay topics for small children. Keep them in mind and do not allow yourself to get frustrated. When your child asks you to write something, you do not have to create all the rules for your child.As a parent, you should be a guide them by leading them by example. Your child will show their opinion through how they talk and act.While working on essay topics for small children is not a difficult task, you should make sure you give it enough time. It is possible that you will miss a few details that need to be addressed. However, this does not mean that you do not get it.

The Perfect Dance Floor Scene Essay - 1503 Words

As I pushed my way through the crowded hallway at 1:30 AM for Barbarellas TuezGayz, I found that time began to move in slow motion, as I came across, what I can only describe as the perfect dance floor scene. It was as though I was living a scene in a movie where all the lights, people and music just fit together. All the man and women coming together as though the music was there only way of survival. As I realized that I was created the crowded hallway to become a hint more crowded, I pushed myself closer to the side of the hallway. I couldn’t help myself become captivated by this scene. It was as though it person was happy in this moment. I saw before me man dancing with man and woman dancing with woman, with a sense of pride. No care in the world seemed to find its way into Barbarellas tonight. It was perfect. The fashion choice of most of the man here went along with what felt like a silent theme â€Å"the more skin showing the better†. It became obvious that mesh was many of these man’s best friend. It felt as though it had just rained with the rainbow of colors that was before me. I had never before felt so at peace to observer something so beautiful. The moment passed and as I looked to my left I spotted two men that seemed to be lost deep within their conversation. As I tried to nonchalantly hear what this sincere moment was about, I realized that the noise level of the music coming from the dance floor would create quite an obstacle for that to happen. So I did what IShow MoreRelatedBlack Swan Film Comparison1019 Words   |  5 Pagesand consequences behind trying to be perfect. Both directors have a way of using camera angles and different lighting techniques as a way to get the audience to sympathize with the characters. I have chosen to analyzesis the final scene in the film the Black Swan as this allows us as the audience to see how Nina trying to be perfect ruined her own sanity. 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PMS Goals

Question: What is theneed for an appropriate PMS and the goals of a PMS? Answer: Star Industries require an appropriate performance management system for measuring and improving employee capabilities that cannot be understated. It shall be beneficial for the following purposes:Goal setting- PMS shall help the employees in clearly understanding the expectations of the organization. It shall help in aligning workforce, setting priorities and attaining objectives .Management and coaching- PMS shall help in minimizing performance gaps with continuous feedback and coaching.Development Planning- PMS shall help in improving the employees and developing them with regular feedback . Rewards and Recognition- Recognition shall help in satisfying the fundamental needs of the employees. It shall also improve retention and engagement . The following goals can be set for the organization: To enable the employees to achieve superior work standards. To boost the employees performance by encouraging, motivating and rewarding for the performance. To promote personal growth in emplo yees career. To identify barriers to affective performance and resolve them through monitoring and coaching . The legal requirements to take into account In Australia, Fair Work Commission plays a legislative role in managing performance. It states that the performance management systems must be fair, accurate and supported by evidence. According to Fair Work Act 2009, workplace relations must be fair and productive that would help in managing employee performance. Every employee at Star Industries must be given opportunities to improve and manage their performance. The necessary measures must be taken to manage underperformance by the employees. The possible causes and issue of performance must be accounted for and actions shall be taken accordingly . C) The processes and documentation of a PMS and how these will support the goals of the organization The performance management follows the below process: Planning- Planning means working in advance so that the expectations and goals can be set. The supervisor must first create performance plans for the employees by aligning with the operational and strategic goals .Monitoring- Monitoring shall help in assessing the progress of performance. The employee progress shall be monitored on a continuous basis. The process shall make corrective actions for the employees and produce desired outcome. Developing- The employees ability must be developed to perform through work assignments. The supervisor shall also develop employees through formal and informal training, coaching and additional responsibilities. Rating- It shall provide as a summary of performance. The supervisor shall assign a rating of record based on the employees performance. The supervisor shall make adequate discussion about the ratings .Rewarding- Good performance must be rewarded. The supervisor must reward employees that would clearly distinguish as successful and standar d performance.The documents required for performance management are Performance Assessment Form, 360-Degree feedback form, Action Plan, and Training and Development Assessment Form . D) How the PMS will support the development of a learning organization A learning organization is a system that facilitates continuous learning with an objective of transforming itself. The performance management system shall support the development of a learning statement as it shall prescribe methods to develop critical talent. The performance management must be tied to the learning process and integrate into the development plan. The leadership development programmes shall also help in developing organizational talent at Star Industries. The learning opportunities shall be made more visible and engaging employees. The training in the learning organization shall be aligned to organizational goals. With integrated performance management, talent development professionals can see precisely which development is needed most. When learning and performance functions converge to create a true talent development framework, both functions benefit by becoming more relevant to supporting the organizations critical strategy . E) The process of implementation including consultation and communication mechanisms The performance management system implementation aims at continuous development of employees and recognizing their contributions. The implementation shall pass through a series of stages and process. Before implementation, the stakeholders must be consulted. Firstly, the representative from the Board of Directors must be consulted and they can provide necessary inputs through face-to-face meeting. Further, the CEO must be consulted for any further changes required through an email. A formal approval has to be generated from the top management in the form of written evidence. After this, the plan is ready to be implemented.After the plan has been implemented, every stakeholder group needs to be informed. The revised PMS must be sent to the manager through an email which would be verified by him. After verification, email shall be sent to all the employees with a copy to the directors regarding PMS. Annual or half-yearly review of performance shall be made at the departmental level at Star Industries. F) Role of coaches and mentors and skills required Every mentor and coach requires a few skills that are necessary to manage employees. A coach is a person who develops specific skills, challenges and performance expectations at work. The skill set possessed by them are active listening, understanding and empathy, reflecting with accuracy, smart questioning and providing feedback for development. Coaching help the employees gain valuable skills and knowledge. They help the employees overcome the hurdles and help them succeed. Coaching helps in identifying the competencies of teams in the organization. However, a mentor is personally involved and has a deep personal interest in long term development of employees. They possess certain skills such as emotional intelligence, provide guidance, value the opinions and initiative and motivate by setting good examples . G) Training required for: (i) Managers Great managers are not born, they are made. The managers require good time management, communication, problem-solving, delegation, forwards planning and strategic skills. The managers must be taught how to set a two-way dialogue with the employees about performance, expectations and priorities. The managers can ensure success and maximize their contribution in the organization. The managers at Star Industries need to communicate effectively as they take the leadership role. The managers must also observe the employees and document their behaviors and attitude relating to performance. The manager must also be trained to create an energetic department and team by positively influencing outcomes. The managers must be trained to polish skills for organizing, making effective decisions and becoming more strategic . (ii) Staff on the use of the PMS The employees or staffs must be trained for performance management system as it indicates that performance needs to be improved. I t also serves a benchmark for status of improvement in the process of making efforts. It shall also form the part of succession planning for helping the employees be eligible for a planned change at Star Industries. The employees must possess skills for self-management, teamwork, initiative, learning, communication and problem-solving skills. The employees must be trained for communicating as it would increase diversity and efficiency. Quality concepts and guidelines can also be provided to the employees. The human relations can be improved that would help in reducing stress and conflict. The training shall help the employees in effective risk management, increasing their capacity to employ new methods, reduce turnover and enhance motivation . H) Monitoring mechanisms A performance management system must be monitored for being effective. The employees progress and performance must be continuously monitored. Monitoring the performance does not involve measuring day to day about how t he employees carry out assigned activities and tasks. The employees at Star Industries must assess progress towards meeting performance objectives. The managers must also identify the barriers that act as hindrance for the employees in accomplishing performance objectives. Multiple solutions must be framed on how to overcome them. Feedback must be shared on relative to the goals. Continuous coaching shall be provided for addressing concerns and issues relating to performance. The strategic power of coaching shall help in recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of the employees. Monitoring also involves providing feedback in which the employees shall be told about their performance. The feedback shall be provided on a timely, specific and frequent basis . I) Evaluation mechanisms The results at Star Industries must be evaluated by reviewing the performance. Self-assessment also plays a critical part in managing performance. A few tools such as Performance Appraisal, benchmarking, KP Is and balanced Scorecard can be used to assess PMS. The performance plan and assessment form can be assessed in the appraisal meeting. The evaluation can be made by identifying performance measures, setting guidelines, creating disciplinary actions and setting an evaluation schedule. The evaluation form shall focus on the job performance areas. The job performance areas must be included such as knowledge and skills, quantity and quality of work, work habits and attitude. Although it may be time-consuming to identify performance measures, but it is also strong to evaluate performance. Feedback is the real essence of evaluation, so it is necessary for the managers to give a balanced feedback, outline expectations for improvement and create disciplinary or termination procedures . Policy Draft 1. General Policy on Performance Management and DevelopmentA) Policy statement Star Industries strives to prove an environment where all the employees understand the consequences of their contribution towards achievement of organizational goals. The organization further provides adequate opportunities for accomplishing goals through a strong performance based management that culminates in an annual performance review . B) General procedures including time frames and use of action plans Star Industries performance management and development process consists of a four phase cycle: Plan, Manage, Review and Reward . The following procedures can be followed: Half-yearly interim performance reviews can be conducted for discussing job performance and goals. Performance reviews can be annually scheduled coinciding with the employers promotion date. Employee Development Plans shall be compiled at the end of the performance review and progress monitored regularly . 2. Performance Counselling A ) Policy statement When the employees exhibit poor performance, counseling sessions shall take place to discuss the problem areas and methodologies to overcome it. The counseling session shall take place when the employee fails to improve performance despite receiving advice or informal notification for the same. Performance counseling shall occur before termination of employment is considered. However, employee dismissal may be considered in case the employees performance shall be understood unreasonable during counseling . B) Procedures for counselling and discipline including escalation of issues Star Industries needs employees who are passionate about the vision, values and purpose. The following three procedures shall be undertaken for counseling:1. Standard Counselling2. First and Final Warning3. Dismissal1. Standard Counselling ProceduresStep 1: Verbal Warning- This is an informal part where an employee shall receive a verbal warning for the first transgression . Step 2: Firs t Counselling Interview- This is the beginning of a formal part where the employee shall be advised of what the problem is and he shall be invited to respond or explain his actions.Step 3: Final Warning Interview- When the required improvement is not happening; the warning letter shall be drafted indicating any further bad performance could lead to dismissal.Step 4: Consideration of Dismissal- If the performance is continually unsatisfactory, the employee shall be asked for explanation that would serve as grounds for making decision to the continuation of employment . 2. First and Final WarningWhen the employee performs unsatisfactorily and the standard counselling procedure is not followed, a counselling interview shall be received. If the employees explanation is not acceptable, a first and final warning shall be issued.3. DismissalIf the unsatisfactory performance of the employee continues during the notice period, the employee shall be terminated and compensation shall be made i n lieu of notice . C) Procedures for dealing with grievances including mediation Mediation- At any stage, the employees involved in the grievance may request the matter be referred for mediation. It shall take place only if all parties involved agree and is voluntary. It shall be used after informal discussion does not solve the issue . The following procedure shall be followed for dealing with grievances:Step 1: Informal Action- The manager shall try to make a settlement in the course of regular work. However, a formal grievance letter may be submitted if the matter is not resolved.Step 2: Conduct Meeting- A meeting shall be held in a private and confidential room where the grievances of the employees shall be heard. The witnesses shall be called, if any.Step 3: Investigate- The meeting may be adjourned depending upon its complexity so that investigation can be made before decision making. Step 4: Analysis and Decision Making- After analyzing records, the employer shall decide whether to uphold or dismiss the grievance and provide the statement in writing without unreasonable delay.Step 5: Appeal- If the grievance is partially or completely rejected, the employee has the right to appeal against the decision within ten working days. The appeal shall then be considered by a more senior manager after which the decision shall be final . References Ates A and others, 'The Development Of SME Managerial Practice For Effective Performance Management' (2013) 20 Jrnl of Small Bus Ente DevBond T, Standards And Ethics For Counselling In Action (Sage Publications 2015)Cardon P, Business Communication (McGraw-Hill Irwin 2014)Connor M and Pokora J, Coaching And Mentoring At Work (Open University Press 2012)Fairwork.gov.au, 'Welcome To The Fair Work Ombudsman Website' (Fair Work Ombudsman, 2016) https://www.fairwork.gov.au/how-we-will-help/templates-and-guides/best-practice-guides/managing-underperformance accessed 20 July 2016Geetika and others, 'Measuring Workers' Satisfaction With Grievance-Handling Procedure: Study Of A Power Distribution Major In India' (2014) 11 Asian Journal of Management CasesGhosh P and others, 'Who Stays With You? Factors Predicting Employees' Intention To Stay' (2013) 21 Int J of Org AnalysisGrote R, The Performance Appraisal (American Management Association 2012)Mone E and London M, Employee Engagement Through Effective Performance Management(Routledge/Taylor Francis Group 2012)Moore C, The Mediation Process (Jossey-Bass 2014)Noe R, Human Resource Management (McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2013)Phillips J, Return On Investment In Training And Performance Improvement Programs (Gulf Pub Co 2012)Ram J, Corkindale D and Wu M, 'Implementation Critical Success Factors (Csfs) For ERP: Do They Contribute To Implementation Success And Post-Implementation Performance?' (2013) 144 International Journal of Production EconomicsRolstadaÃÅ'Ã…  s A, Performance Management (Chapman Hall 2012)Rummler G and Brache A, Improving Performance: How To Manage The White Space On The Organization Chart (Jossey-Bass Publishers 2012)Shields J, Managing Employee Performance And Reward (Cambridge University Press 2014)Simons R, Levers Of Organization Design : How Managers Use Accountability Systems For Greater Performance And Commitment (Harvard Business School 2013)Singh K, Counselling Skills For Managers (PHI Learning 2015)St ack L, Managing Employee Performance (Productivity Pro 2013)Waal A, Strategic Performance Management (Palgrave Macmillan 2013)